Acetamid Chemische Eigenschaften,Einsatz,Produktion Methoden
ERSCHEINUNGSBILD
FARBLOSE, ZERFLIESSENDE KRISTALLE.
CHEMISCHE GEFAHREN
Zersetzung beim Verbrennen unter Bildung giftiger Rauche mit Stickstoffoxiden. Reagiert mit Säuren und starken Oxidationsmitteln.
ARBEITSPLATZGRENZWERTE
TLV nicht festgelegt (ACGIH 2005).
MAK: Krebserzeugend Kategorie 3B; (DFG 2005).
AUFNAHMEWEGE
Aufnahme in den Körper durch Inhalation des Aerosols.
INHALATIONSGEFAHREN
Verdampfen bei 20°C vernachlässigbar; eine belästigende Partikelkonzentration in der Luft kann jedoch beim Dispergieren schnell erreicht werden, vor allem als Pulver.
WIRKUNGEN BEI KURZZEITEXPOSITION
WIRKUNGEN BEI KURZZEITEXPOSITION: Die Substanz reizt die Augen und die Haut.
WIRKUNGEN NACH WIEDERHOLTER ODER LANGZEITEXPOSITION
Möglicherweise krebserzeugend für den Menschen.
LECKAGE
Verschüttetes Material in Behältern sammeln; falls erforderlich durch Anfeuchten Staubentwicklung verhindern. Reste sorgfältig sammeln. An sicheren Ort bringen. Persönliche Schutzausrüstung: Atemschutzgerät, P2-Filter für schädliche Partikel.
R-Sätze Betriebsanweisung:
R40:Verdacht auf krebserzeugende Wirkung.
S-Sätze Betriebsanweisung:
S36/37:Bei der Arbeit geeignete Schutzhandschuhe und Schutzkleidung tragen.
Aussehen Eigenschaften
C2H5NO; Essigsäureamid. Farblose Kristalle, praktisch ohne Geruch.
Gefahren für Mensch und Umwelt
Irreversibler Schaden möglich.
LD
50 (oral, Ratte): 7000 mg/kg
Schutzmaßnahmen und Verhaltensregeln
Geeignete Schutzhandschuhe als kurzzeitiger Staubschutz.
Verhalten im Gefahrfall
Trocken aufnehmen. Mit Wasser nachreinigen.
Kohlendioxid, Wasser, Pulver.
Brennbar. Im Brandfall können nitrose Gase entstehen.
Erste Hilfe
Nach Hautkontakt: Mit reichlich Wasser abwaschen.
Nach Augenkontakt: Mit reichlich Wasser bei geöffnetem Lidspalt mindestens 10 Minuten ausspülen. Sofort Augenarzt hinzuziehen.
Nach Einatmen: Frischluft.
Nach Verschlucken: Viel Wasser trinken lassen. Erbrechen auslösen. Sofort Arzt hinzuziehen.
Nach Kleidungskontakt: Kontaminierte Kleidung entfernen.
Ersthelfer: siehe gesonderten Anschlag
Sachgerechte Entsorgung
Als feste Laborchemikalienabfälle.
Beschreibung
Acetamide (MEA or ethanamide), the amide of acetic acid, is a white crystalline solid in pure form with a mousy odor. Low toxicity. It is produced by dehydrating ammonium acetate. Acetamide is found in red beetroot.
Acetamide is used primarily as a solvent, plasticizer, and a wetting and penetrating agent. it was used as an intermediate in the synthesis of methylamine, thioacetamide, hypnotics, insecticides, medicinals and various plastics, a soldering flux ingredient, a wetting agent and penetration accelerator for dyes, and as a plasticizer in leather, cloth and coatings.
ethanolamine is an amide made from acetamide and monoethanolamine. It is a clear liquid. In cosmetics and personal care products, It is used in the formulation of bubble baths, hair conditioners, shampoos, wave sets, moisturizers, and other bath and hair care products.It increases the water content of the top layers of the skin by drawing moisture from the surrounding air. It also enhances the appearance and feel of hair, by increasing hair body, suppleness, or sheen, or by improving the texture of hair that has been damaged physically or by chemical treatment.
Chemische Eigenschaften
Acetamide occurs as hexagonal colourless deliquescent crystals with a musty odour. It is incompatible with strong acids, strong oxidising agents, strong bases, and triboluminescent materials. Acetamide is used primarily as a solvent, a plasticiser, and a wetting and penetrating agent. Workplace exposures to acetamide are associated with the plastic and chemical industries.
Verwenden
- Acetamide is often used as plasticizer and as industrial solvent.
- molten acetamide is an excellent solvent for many organic and inorganic compounds.
- Solubilizer.
- renders sparingly soluble substances more soluble in water by mere addition or by fusion.
- stabilizer.
- manufacture of methylamine, denaturing alcohol.
- In organic syntheses.
- Acetamide is used as a co-monomer in the production of polymeric materials such as polyvinyl acetamide, a polymeric product used as an absorbent.
- It can be used for the transamidation of carbxamides in 1,4-dioxane in the absence of a catalyst.
Allgemeine Beschreibung
Colorless crystals with a mousy odor (NTP, 1999). Low toxicity.
Air & Water Reaktionen
Deliquescent. Very soluble in water.
Reaktivität anzeigen
Acetamide may react with azo and diazo compounds to generate toxic gases. May form flammable gases with strong reducing agents. Reacts as a weak bases (weaker than water). Mixing with dehydrating agents such as P2O5 or SOCl2 generates acetonitrile Burns to give toxic mixed oxides of nitrogen (NOx).
Health Hazard
After oral exposures to acetamide, animals developed liver tumors. However, no informa-
tion is available on the carcinogenic effects of acetamide in humans. The US EPA has not
classifi
ed acetamide for carcinogenicity. The IARC has classifi
ed acetamide as a Group 2B,
meaning a possible human carcinogen.
Brandgefahr
The flash point of Acetamide has not been determined, but Acetamide is probably combustible.
Sicherheitsprofil
Suspected carcinogen with experimental carcinogenic and neoplastigenic data. Moderately toxic by intraperitoneal and possibly other routes. An experimental teratogen. Other experimental reproductive effects. Mutation data reported. See also AMIDES. When heated to decomposition it emits toxic fumes of NOx,.
mögliche Exposition
Used as a stabilizer, plasticizer, wetting agent; solvent in plastics, lacquers, explosive; soldering flux ingredient; and chemical manufacturing
Carcinogenicity
The IARC has determined that there is
sufficient evidence of carcinogenicity for
acetamide in experimental animals and that it
is possibly carcinogenic to humans.
Environmental Fate
The mechanism of toxicity of acetamide is not known; the
response profile is quite different from the better studied
dimethyl derivative. Acetamide appears to be in a class of
chemicals which, although producing liver cancer in rodents, is
less sensitive to inactive in genetic tests looking at formation of
micronuclei. The carcinogenic response in rodents appears
related to the formation of hydroxylamine from the primary
metabolite acetohydroxamic acid.
Lager
Acetamide should be kept stored in a tightly closed container, in a cool, dry, ventilated area. It should be protected against physical damage, away from any source of heat, ignition, or oxidizing materials.
Versand/Shipping
UN3077 Environmentally hazardous substances, solid, n.o.s., Hazard class: 9; Labels: 9-Miscellaneous hazardous material, Technical Name Required
läuterung methode
Acetamide is crystallised by dissolving in hot MeOH (0.8mL/g), diluting with Et2O and allowing to stand [Wagner J Chem Edu 7 1135 1930]. Alternate crystallisation solvents are acetone, *benzene, chloroform, dioxane, methyl acetate or *benzene/ethyl acetate mixtures (3:1 and 1:1). It has also been recrystallised from hot water after treating with HCl-washed activated charcoal (which had been repeatedly washed with water until free from chloride ions), then crystallised again from hot 50% aqueous EtOH and finally twice from hot 95% EtOH [Christoffers & Kegeles J Am Chem Soc 85 2562 1963]. Finally it is dried in a vacuum desiccator over P2O5. Acetamide is also purified by distillation (b 221-223o) or by sublimation in vacuo. It has also been purified by two recrystallisations from cyclohexane containing 5% (v/v) of *benzene. Needle-like crystals separate and are filtered, washed with a small volume of distilled H2O and dried with a flow of dry N2. [Slebocka-Tilk et al. J Am Chem Soc 109 4620 1987, Beilstein 2 H 175, 2 I 80, 2 II 177, 2 III 384, 2 IV 399.]
Inkompatibilitäten
Reacts with strong acids, such as hydrochloric, sulfuric, and nitric, strong oxidizers; strong bases; strong reducing agents such as hydrides; ammoniaisocyanates, phenols, cresols. Contact with water causes slow hydrolyzation to ammonia and acetate salts.
Waste disposal
Add to alcohol or benzene as a flammable solvent and incinerate; oxides of nitrogen produced may be scrubbed out with alkaline solution. All federal, state, and local environmental regulations must be observed.
Vorsichtsmaßnahmen
During handling and/use of acetamide, workers should wear special protective equipment. After leaving work areas, workers should wash hands, face, forearms, and neck, dispose of outer clothing, and change to clean garments at the end of the day.
Acetamid Upstream-Materialien And Downstream Produkte
Upstream-Materialien
Downstream Produkte
3-AMINO-4-PYRIDINECARBOXYALDEHYDE HYDROCHLORIDE
4-CHLORO-2,6-DIMETHYL-NICOTINIC ACID
Cefaclor monohydrate
3-Aminoisonicotinic acid
3-Aminopyridin-2-carbonsure
Benorilat
3-AMINO-ISONICOTINIC ACID METHYL ESTER
3-TERT-BUTOXYCARBONYLAMINO-ISONICOTINIC ACID
3-(9H-FLUOREN-9-YLMETHOXYCARBONYLAMINO)-ISONICOTINIC ACID
2,4-Dimethylthiazol
Ethylfluoracetat
ETHYL 4-CHLORO-2,6-DIMETHYLPYRIDINE-3-CARBOXYLATE
3-(2,2-DIMETHYL-PROPIONYLAMINO)-ISONICOTINIC ACID
1-Phenyl-3-(1,2,3-thiadiazol-5-yl)harnstoff
N-ACETYLHOMOPIPERAZINE
2,4,5-Trimethylthiazol
4-Amino-6-chloropyrimidine
N-Acetylsulfanilylchlorid
3-AMINO-ISONICOTINIC ACID ETHYL ESTER
Benzol-1,2:4,5-tetracarboxydiimid
3-HYDROXY-4-PYRIDINECARBOXYLIC ACID
5-Amino-1H-imidazol-4-carboxamidmonohydrochlorid
Hexannitril
(3-AMINO-PYRIDIN-4-YL)-METHANOL
2-Cyan-N-((ethylamino)carbonyl)-2-(methoxyimino)acetamid
3,4-PYRIDINEDICARBOXIMIDE
Trimethylsilyl-N-trimethylsilyl-acetamidat
2-FLUOROQUINOLINE-7-CARBOXYLIC ACID
Triethylorthoacetat
Dacarbazin
1,2,4,5-BENZENETETRACARBOXAMIDE
Thioacetamid
2-Methylthiazol
4-HYDROXYMETHYL-PYRIDIN-3-OL
4-ETHYL-6-HYDROXY-2-METHYLPYRIMIDINE
Gonadotropin, chorionisch
2-Aminoacetamid
1,2,4,5-TETRACYANOBENZENE
3-IODOISONICOTINIC ACID
3-AMINO-PYRIDINE-4-CARBALDEHYDE
