Phenol Chemische Eigenschaften,Einsatz,Produktion Methoden
ERSCHEINUNGSBILD
FARBLOSE BIS GELBE ODER ROSAFARBENE KRISTALLE MIT CHARAKTERISTISCHEM GERUCH.
CHEMISCHE GEFAHREN
Beim Erhitzen bilden sich giftige Rauche. Schwache Säure in wässriger Lösung. Reagiert mit Oxidationsmitteln. Feuer- und Explosionsgefahr.
ARBEITSPLATZGRENZWERTE
TLV: 5 ppm (als TWA) Hautresorption; Krebskategorie A4 (nicht klassifizierbar als krebserzeugend für den Menschen); BEI vorhanden; (ACGIH 2005).
MAK: Hautresorption; Krebserzeugend Kategorie 3B; (DFG 2005).
AUFNAHMEWEGE
Schnelle Aufnahme in den Körper durch Inhalation der Dämpfe, über die Haut und durch Verschlucken.
INHALATIONSGEFAHREN
Beim Verdampfen bei 20 °C tritt langsam eine gesundheitsschädliche Kontamination der Luft ein.
WIRKUNGEN BEI KURZZEITEXPOSITION
WIRKUNGEN BEI KURZZEITEXPOSITION: Die Substanz bzw. der Dampf verätzt die Augen, die Haut und die Atmungsorgane. Inhalation des Dampfes kann zu Lungenödem führen (s. Anm.). Möglich sind Auswirkungen auf Zentralnervensystem, Herz und Nieren mit nachfolgenden Krämpfen, Koma, Herzfunktionsstörungen, Atemversagen und Kollaps. Exposition kann zum Tod führen. Die Auswirkungen treten u.U. verzögert ein. ärztliche Beobachtung notwendig.
WIRKUNGEN NACH WIEDERHOLTER ODER LANGZEITEXPOSITION
Wiederholter oder andauernder Hautkontakt kann Dermatitis hervorrufen. Möglich sind Auswirkungen auf Leberund Nieren.
LECKAGE
Verschüttetes Material in abdichtbaren Behältern sammeln; falls erforderlich durch Anfeuchten Staubentwicklung verhindern. Reste sorgfältig sammeln. An sicheren Ort bringen. Persönliche Schutzausrüstung: Vollschutzanzug mit umgebungsluftunabhängigem Atemschutzgerät. NICHT in die Umwelt gelangen lassen.
R-Sätze Betriebsanweisung:
R23/24/25:Giftig beim Einatmen, Verschlucken und Berührung mit der Haut.
R34:Verursacht Verätzungen.
R48/20/21/22:Gesundheitsschädlich: Gefahr ernster Gesundheitsschäden bei längerer Exposition durch Einatmen, Berührung mit der Haut und durch Verschlucken.
R68:Irreversibler Schaden möglich.
R40:Verdacht auf krebserzeugende Wirkung.
R39/23/24/25:Giftig: ernste Gefahr irreversiblen Schadens durch Einatmen, Berührung mit der Haut und durch Verschlucken.
R11:Leichtentzündlich.
R36:Reizt die Augen.
R20/21/22:Gesundheitsschädlich beim Einatmen,Verschlucken und Berührung mit der Haut.
R24/25:Giftig bei Berührung mit der Haut und beim Verschlucken.
S-Sätze Betriebsanweisung:
S26:Bei Berührung mit den Augen sofort gründlich mit Wasser abspülen und Arzt konsultieren.
S36/37/39:Bei der Arbeit geeignete Schutzkleidung,Schutzhandschuhe und Schutzbrille/Gesichtsschutz tragen.
S45:Bei Unfall oder Unwohlsein sofort Arzt zuziehen (wenn möglich, dieses Etikett vorzeigen).
S36/37:Bei der Arbeit geeignete Schutzhandschuhe und Schutzkleidung tragen.
S28:Bei Berührung mit der Haut sofort abwaschen mit viel . . . (vom Hersteller anzugeben).
S24/25:Berührung mit den Augen und der Haut vermeiden.
S1/2:Unter Verschluss und für Kinder unzugänglich aufbewahren.
S36:DE: Bei der Arbeit geeignete Schutzkleidung tragen.
S16:Von Zündquellen fernhalten - Nicht rauchen.
Aussehen Eigenschaften
C6H6O
Monohydroxybenzol, Karbolsäure
Gefahren für Mensch und Umwelt
Mit Aluminium, Aldehyden, Brom, Calciumhypochlorit, Natriumnitrit, Natriumnitrat, Peroxoschwefelsäuren, Wasserstoffperoxid/eisen(III)-katalysator gefährliche Reaktionen möglich.
Mit Luft Bildung explosionsfähiger Gemische möglich.
Verätzungen nach Augen- und Hautkontakt, Erblindungsgefahr! Schleimhautirritationen nach Verschlucken. ZNS-Störungen, Herz-kreislaufstörungen, Blutbildveränderungen. Gefahr der Hautresorption, NTP-bewertung auf Kanzerogenität negativ beim Tier.
toxisch für Wasserorganismen: Gefahr für das Trinkwasser!
Wassergefährdend (WGK 2).
Schutzmaßnahmen und Verhaltensregeln
Dicht verschlossen, trocken, unter Lichtschutz, an gut belüftetem Ort.
Schutzbrille mit Seitenschutz und oberer Augenraumabdeckung
Neoprenhanschuhe (als kurzzeitiger Spritz- und Staubschutz).
Verhalten im Gefahrfall
Vorsichtig trocken aufnehmen, entsorgen, nachreinigen.
Erste Hilfe
Nach Hautkontakt: Mit viel Wasser waschen, mit Polyethylenglykol 400 abtupfen.
Nach Augenkontakt: 15 Minuten bei gespreizten Lidern unter fließendem Wasser mit Augendusche ausspülen. Augenarzt konsultieren!
Nach Einatmen: Frischluft, ggf. Atemspende/Gerätebeatmung
Nach Verschlucken: Viel Wasser trinken, erbechen, Aktivkohle (20-40g), Arzt!
Nach Kleidungskontakt: kontaminierte Kleidung sofort ausziehen
Ersthelfer: siehe gesonderten Anschlag
Sachgerechte Entsorgung
Als Sonderabfall entsorgen, zuständige Stellen: Hubland-Herr Riepl:8884711, Klinikum-Herr Uhl:2015557.
Beschreibung
Phenol is a stable chemical substance and appear as colourless/white crystals with a
characteristic, distinct aromatic/acrid odour. It is reactive and incompatible with strong
oxidising agents, strong bases, strong acids, alkalis, and calcium hypochlorite. Phenol is
flammable and may discolour in light.
Phenol is used in the manufacture or production of explosives, fertiliser, coke, illuminating
gas, lampblack, paints, paint removers, rubber, perfumes, asbestos goods, wood
preservatives, synthetic resins, textiles, drugs, and pharmaceutical preparations. It is also
extensively used as a disinfectant in the petroleum, leather, paper, soap, toy, tanning, dye,
and agricultural industries.
Chemische Eigenschaften
Phenol, C6H5OH, also known as carbolic acid and phenylic acid, is a white poisonous crystalline solid that melts at 43 °C (110 OF) and boils at 182°C (360 OF). Phenol has a sharp burning taste,a distinctive odor, and it irritates tissue. It is toxic not only by ingestion or inhalation, but also by skin absorption. Phenol is soluble in water,alcohol,and ether. It is used in the production of resins,germicides,weedkillers,pharmaceuticals, and as a solvent in the refining of lubricating oils.
Physikalische Eigenschaften
Phenol is a colorless or white crystalline solid that is slightly soluble in water. Phenol is the
simplest of the large group of organic chemicals known as phenols, which consist of compounds
where a carbon in the phenyl aromatic group (C6H5) is directly bonded to hydroxyl,
OH.
Occurrence
It is reported found in over 150 natural products including apricot, sour cherry, black currant, bilberry,
cranberry, other berries, grapes, guava fruit, peach, pineapple, asparagus, onion, cooked potato, tomato, cinnamon bark, cassia
leaf, ginger, pennyroyal oil, many cheeses, butter, milk, milk powder, boiled egg, fish and fish oil, cooked and cured meats, beer,
wheaten bread, crisp bread, cognac, rose wine, cocoa, coffee, tea, whiskies, roasted filbert, roasted peanut, soybean, pecans,
honey, avocado, Arctic bramble, passion fruit, beans, mushrooms, burley tobacco, cooked beef and chicken, fermented soy sauce,
trassi, roasted almonds, sesame seed, fenugreek, mango, tamarind, Brazil nut, rice, rhubarb, licorice, buckwheat, watercress, malt,
wort, dried bonito, loquat, myrtle berry, rosemary, Tahiti and Bourbon vanilla, endive, shrimp, crab, crayfish, clam, squid, truffle
and Chinese quince.
History
Phenol’s first prominent use was by Joseph Lister (1827–1912) as an antiseptic.
Throughout human history,infection often resulted in death,even when the wound could
be surgically treated.A broken bone piercing the skin, which today is a painful but not
life-threatening injury,historically resulted in infection and possible amputation or death.
Lister was inspired by Louis Pasteur’s (1822–1895) germ theory of disease,and he began
to use antiseptic methods during routine surgery during the 1860s.
Verwenden
phenol is frequently used for medical chemical face peels. It may trap free radicals and can act as a preservative. Phenol, however, is an extremely caustic chemical with a toxicity potential. It is considered undesirable for use in cosmetics. even at low concentrations, it frequently causes skin irritation, swelling, and rashes.
Definition
ChEBI: An organic hydroxy compound that consists of benzene bearing a single hydroxy substituent. The parent of the class of phenols.
synthetische
Phenol is formed in dry distillation of wood, peat and coal; coal tar is one of the commercial sources of phenol and its
homologues.
Vorbereitung Methode
Historically, phenol was produced by the distillation of coal tar.
Today, phenol is prepared by one of several synthetic methods, such
as the fusion of sodium benzenesulfonate with sodium hydroxide
followed by acidification; the hydrolysis of chlorobenzene by dilute
sodium hydroxide at high temperature and pressure to give sodium
phenate, which on acidification liberates phenol (Dow process); or
the catalytic vapor-phase reaction of steam and chlorobenzene at
500°C (Raschig process).
Indications
Phenol in dilute solution (0.5% to 2%) decreases itch by anesthetizing the cutaneous
nerve endings. Phenol should never be used on pregnant women or infants younger
than 6 months of age.
Weltgesundheitsorganisation (WHO)
Phenol became widely used as an antiseptic following
demonstration of its germicidal activity in 1867. It is an intensely corrosive
substance and percutaneous absorption can produce serious systemic toxicity. It
has been withdrawn from pharmaceutical preparations by at least one national
regulatory authority. However, it is still used widely in concentrations of the order
of 1.4% in proprietary preparations for the relief of soreness of the mouth and
throat.
Allgemeine Beschreibung
A solid melting at 110°F. Colorless if pure, otherwise pink or red. Flash point 175°F. Density 9.9 lb / gal. Vapors are heavier than air Corrosive to the skin (turning skin white) but because of its anesthetic quality numbs rather than burn. Lethal amounts can be absorbed through the skin. Used to make plastics and adhesives.
Air & Water Reaktionen
Decomposes slowly in air. Mixtures of 9-10% phenol in air are explosive. Soluble in water
Reaktivität anzeigen
PHENOL is a weak acid. Reacts exothermically with bases. Reacts with strong oxidizing agents. Emits acrid smoke and irritating fumes when heated to decomposition. Undergoes, in the presence of aluminum chloride, potentially explosive reactions with nitromethane, butadiene, formaldehyde, peroxodisulfuric acid, peroxosulfuric acid, and sodium nitrite . Reacts violently with sodium nitrate in the presence of trifluoroacetic acid [Bretherick, 5th ed., 1995, p. 770]. May corrode lead, aluminum and its alloys, certain plastics, and rubber. Phenol may explode in contact with peroxodisulfuric acid (Dns, J. Ber., 1910, 43, 1880; Z. Anorg. Chem., 1911, 73, 1911.) or peroxomonosulfuric acid. (Sidgwick, 1950, 939)
Health Hazard
Phenol and its vapors are corrosive to the eyes, skin, and respiratory tract. The corrosive effect on skin and mucous membranes is due to a protein-degenerating effect. Repeated or prolonged skin contact with phenol may cause dermatitis, and potentially second and third-degree burns. Inhalation of phenol vapor may cause lung edema. Phenol may adversely effect the central nervous system and heart. Long-term, or repeated exposure, to phenol may have harmful effects on the liver and kidneys.
While there is no evidence that phenol causes cancer in humans it is readily absorbed through the skin; systemic poisoning can occur in addition to the local caustic burns. Resorptive poisoning by a large quantity of phenol can occur even with only a small area of skin, rapidly leading to paralysis of the central nervous system and a severe drop in body temperature. Phenol is also a reproductive toxin causing increased risk of abortion and low birth weight indicating retarded development in utero.
Chemical burns from skin exposures can be decontaminated by washing with polyethylene glycol or isopropyl alcohol; flushing with copious amounts of water will help to remediate the burn. Removal of contaminated clothing is required, as well as immediate hospital treatment for large splashes.
https://ehs.ucsc.edu/lab-safety-manual/specialty-chemicals/phenol.html
Brandgefahr
Flammable vapors when heated. Runoff from fire control water may give off poisonous gases and cause pollution. Mixtures of 9-10% phenol in air are explosive. Avoid aluminum chloride/nitrobenzene mixture, peroxodisulfuric acid, peroxomonosulfuric acid and strong oxidizing agents. Decomposes slowly on air contact. Avoid contact with strong oxidizing agents.
Flammability and Explosibility
Phenol is a combustible solid (NFPA rating = 2). When heated, phenol produces
flammable vapors that are explosive at concentrations of 3 to 10% in air. Carbon
dioxide or dry chemical extinguishers should be used to fight phenol fires.
Pharmazeutische Anwendungen
Phenol is used mainly as an antimicrobial preservative in parenteral
pharmaceutical products. It has also been used in topical
pharmaceutical formulations and cosmetics;
Phenol is widely used as an antiseptic, disinfectant, and
therapeutic agent, although it should not be used to preserve
preparations that are to be freeze-dried.
Industrielle Verwendung
Phenol is the simplest member of a class oforganic compounds possessing a hydroxylgroup attached to a benzene ring or to a morecomplex aromatic ring system.
Also known as carbolic acid or monohydroxybenzene,phenol is a colorless to whitecrystalline material of sweet odor, having thecomposition C
6H
5OH, obtained from the distillationof coal tar and as a by-product ofcoke ovens.
Phenol has broad biocidal properties, anddilute aqueous solutions have long been usedas an antiseptic. At higher concentrations itcauses severe skin burns; it is a violent systemicpoison. It is a valuable chemical raw materialfor the production of plastics, dyes, pharmaceuticals,syntans, and other products.
Phenol is one of the most versatile industrialorganic chemicals. It is the starting point formany diverse products used in the home andindustry. A partial list includes nylon, epoxyresins, surface active agents, synthetic detergents,plasticizers, antioxidants, lube oil additives,phenolic resins (with formaldehyde, furfural,and so on), cyclohexanol, adipic acid,polyurethanes, aspirin, dyes, wood preservatives,herbicides, drugs, fungicides, gasolineadditives, inhibitors, explosives, and pesticides.
Sicherheit(Safety)
Phenol is highly corrosive and toxic, the main effects being on the
central nervous system. The lethal human oral dose is estimated to
be 1 g for an adult.
Phenol is absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract, skin, and
mucous membranes, and is metabolized to phenylglucuronide and
phenyl sulfate, which are excreted in the urine.
Although there are a number of reports describing the toxic
effects of phenol, these largely concern instances of accidental
poisoning or adverse reactions during its use as a therapeutic
agent.Adverse reactions associated with phenol used as a
preservative are less likely owing to the smaller quantities that are
used; however, it has been suggested that the body burden of phenol
should not exceed 50 mg in a 10-hour period.This amount could
be exceeded following administration of large volumes of phenolpreserved
medicines.
LD
50 (mouse, IV): 0.11 g/kg
LD
50 (mouse, oral): 0.3 g/kg
LD
50 (rabbit, skin): 0.85 g/kg
LD
50 (rat, skin): 0.67 g/kg
LD
50 (rat, oral): 0.32 g/kg
LD
50 (rat, SC): 0.46 g/kg
mögliche Exposition
Phenol is used as a pharmaceutical, in the production of fertilizer; coke, illuminating gas; lampblack, paints, paint removers; rubber, asbestos goods; wood preservatives; synthetic resins; textiles, drugs, pharmaceutical preparations; perfumes, bakelite, and other plastics (phenolformaldehyde resins); polymer intermediates (caprolactam, bisphenol-A and adipic acid). Phenol also finds wide use as a disinfectant and veterinary drug.
Carcinogenicity
Phenol had been investigated for carcinogenicity in animals by the oral and dermal routes. IARC and IRIS determined that animal human evidence for carcinogenicity was inadequate.
Lager
When exposed to air and light, phenol turns a red or brown color,
the color being influenced by the presence of metallic impurities.
Oxidizing agents also hasten the color change. Aqueous solutions of
phenol are stable. Oily solutions for injection may be sterilized in
hermetically sealed containers by dry heat. The bulk material
should be stored in a well-closed, light-resistant container at a
temperature not exceeding 15°C.
Versand/Shipping
UN1671 Phenol, solid, Hazard Class: 6.1; Labels: 6.1-Poisonous materials. UN2312 Molten phenol, Hazard Class: 6.1; Labels: 6.1-Poisonous materials. UN2821 Phenol solutions, Hazard Class: 6.1; Labels: 6.1-Poisonous materials.
Inkompatibilitäten
Phenol, available in solid or liquid form, is colorless to light pink and has a sweet aromatic odor. It is stable under normal conditions of storage and use. The liquid and vapor are combustible. Phenol is incompatible with strong oxidizing agents, calcium hypochlorite, halogens, halogenated compounds, aluminum chloride, and nitrobenzene. Hot phenol can attack aluminum, lead, magnesium and zinc. It can react exothermally with peroxymonosulfuric acid, sodium nitrate, 1,3-butadiene and boron trifluoride diethyl ether. When phenol is heated to decomposition (ca. 715 °C), decomposition products include carbon monoxide and carbon dioxide.
https://www.cdc.gov/niosh/npg/npgd0493.htmlhttp://www51.honeywell.com/sm/common/documents/Public_Risk_Summary_-_GPS0075_Phenol_Dec_2012.pdf
Waste disposal
Consult with environmental regulatory agencies for guidance on acceptable disposal practices. Generators of waste containing this contaminant (≥100 kg/mo) must conform with EPA regulations governing storage, transportation, treatment, and waste disposal. Incineration.
Vorsichtsmaßnahmen
Acute poisoning of phenol by ingestion, inhalation or skin contact may lead to death.
Phenol is readily absorbed through the skin. It is highly toxic by inhalation. It is corrosive
and causes burns and severe irritation effects. During use and handling of phenol, occupational
workers should be very careful. Workers should use protective clothing, rubber
boots, and goggles to protect the eyes from vapors and spillage.
Regulatory Status
Included in the FDA Inactive Ingredients Database (injections).
Included in medicines licensed in the UK. Included in the Canadian
List of Acceptable Non-medicinal Ingredients.
Phenol Upstream-Materialien And Downstream Produkte
Upstream-Materialien
Downstream Produkte
MCPA (ISO)
3-CHLORO-4-PHENOXYANILINE
SODIUM PHENOLATE TRIHYDRATE
4,4'-(4,5,6,7-Tetrabrom-3H-2,1-benzoxathiol-3-yliden)bis[2,6-dibromphenol]-S,S-dioxid
Bisacodyl
3-Phenoxypropionsure
2,4,6-Tri-tert-butylphenol
Dispersing agent S
4,4'-Isopropylidendiphenyldimethacrylat
4-Nitrophenylphenylether
2,4,6-Trichlorphenol
Diphenylphthalat
4-Phenoxybutanoic acid
Chroman-4-on
2-Phenoxypropionsure
Tris(isopropylphenyl)phosphat
Octadecyl-3-(3,5-di-tert-butyl-4-hydroxyphenyl)propionat
2,4-Di-tert-butylphenol
Tris(2,4-ditert-butylphenyl)phosphit
3-Phenoxyanilin
4'-Phenoxyacetophenone
Natriumpentachlorphenolat
High temperature levelling agent BOF
p-Coumaric acid
6-PHENOXYNICOTINONITRILE
Roxatidine acetate
Fenpropathrin
ALKYLPHENOL DISULFIDE
Sulphur Indanthrene Blue RNX
3-AMINO-1-PHENOXY-2-PROPANOL HYDROCHLORIDE
Acid Red 111
p-Hydroxyvalerophenon
Antioxidant T502
synthetic tanning agent No.28
Seratrodast
4-HYDROXYMANDELIC ACID MONOHYDRATE
Disperse purple H-FRL
Xanthen
2,4-Dichlorphenyl-4-nitrophenylether
Adhesive 706
