Tetrachlormethan Chemische Eigenschaften,Einsatz,Produktion Methoden
ERSCHEINUNGSBILD
FARBLOSE FLüSSIGKEIT MIT CHARAKTERISTISCHEM GERUCH.
PHYSIKALISCHE GEFAHREN
Die Dämpfe sind schwerer als Luft.
CHEMISCHE GEFAHREN
Bei Kontakt mit heißen Gegenständen oder Flammen Zersetzung unter Bildung giftiger und ätzender Rauche (ChlorwasserstoffICSC 0163, ChlordämpfeICSC 0126, PhosgenICSC 0007). Reagiert mit einigen Metallen wie Aluminium, Magnesium, Zink. Feuer- und Explosionsgefahr.
ARBEITSPLATZGRENZWERTE
TLV: 5 ppm (als TWA), 10 ppm (als STEL) Hautresorption; Krebskategorie A2 (Verdacht auf krebserzeugende Wirkung beim Menschen); (ACGIH 2005).
MAK: 0,5 ppm 3,2 mg/m?Spitzenbegrenzung: überschreitungsfaktor II(2); Hautresorption; Krebserzeugend Kategorie 4; Schwangerschaft: Gruppe C; (DFG 2006).
AUFNAHMEWEGE
Aufnahme in den Körper durch Inhalation, über die Haut und durch Verschlucken.
INHALATIONSGEFAHREN
Beim Verdampfen bei 20 °C kann sehr schnell eine gesundheitsschädliche Kontamination der Luft eintreten.
WIRKUNGEN BEI KURZZEITEXPOSITION
WIRKUNGEN BEI KURZZEITEXPOSITION: Die Substanz reizt die Augen. Möglich sind Auswirkungen auf Leber, Nierenund Zentralnervensystem mit nachfolgender Bewusstlosigkeit. ärztliche Beobachtung notwendig.
WIRKUNGEN NACH WIEDERHOLTER ODER LANGZEITEXPOSITION
Wiederholter oder andauernder Hautkontakt kann Dermatitis hervorrufen. Möglicherweise krebserzeugend für den Menschen.
LECKAGE
Ausgelaufene Flüssigkeit in abgedeckten Behältern sammeln. Reste mit Sand oder inertem Absorptionsmittel aufnehmen und an einen sicheren Ort bringen. NICHT in die Umwelt gelangen lassen. Persönliche Schutzausrüstung: Vollschutzanzug mit umgebungsluftunabhängigem Atemschutzgerät.
R-Sätze Betriebsanweisung:
R23/24/25:Giftig beim Einatmen, Verschlucken und Berührung mit der Haut.
R40:Verdacht auf krebserzeugende Wirkung.
R48/23:Giftig: Gefahr ernster Gesundheitsschäden bei längerer Exposition durch Einatmen.
R52/53:Schädlich für Wasserorganismen, kann in Gewässern längerfristig schädliche Wirkungen haben.
R59:Gefährlich für die Ozonschicht.
R39/23/24/25:Giftig: ernste Gefahr irreversiblen Schadens durch Einatmen, Berührung mit der Haut und durch Verschlucken.
R11:Leichtentzündlich.
S-Sätze Betriebsanweisung:
S23:Gas/Rauch/Dampf/Aerosol nicht einatmen(geeignete Bezeichnung(en) vom Hersteller anzugeben).
S36/37:Bei der Arbeit geeignete Schutzhandschuhe und Schutzkleidung tragen.
S45:Bei Unfall oder Unwohlsein sofort Arzt zuziehen (wenn möglich, dieses Etikett vorzeigen).
S59:Informationen zur Wiederverwendung/Wiederverwertung beim Hersteller/Lieferanten erfragen.
S61:Freisetzung in die Umwelt vermeiden. Besondere Anweisungen einholen/Sicherheitsdatenblatt zu Rate ziehen.
Aussehen Eigenschaften
CCl4. Farblose, charakteristisch riechende Flüssigkeit.
Gefahren für Mensch und Umwelt
Heftige Reaktionen mit Alkalimetallen, Aluminium und Erdalkalimetallen sowie mit starken Basen. Außerdem gefährliche Reaktionen mit Dimethylformamid in Gegenwart von Eisen.
Kann Krebs erzeugen. Sehr giftig beim Einatmen und bei Berührung mit der Haut. Irreversibler Schaden möglich.
Tetrachlorkohlenstoff wirkt akut und chronisch als gefährliches Lebergift. Es wird sehr leicht durch die Haut aufgenommen. Konzentrierte Dämpfe führen zu Narkose und Atemstillstand. Geringere Konzentrationen verursachen allgemeines Unwohlsein, Kopfschmerzen, Brechreiz, Schwindel und Bewußtlosigkeit. Krämpfe sind sehr selten. Später finden sich Symptome von Leber- und Nierenschäden. Symptome der leichten Vergiftung sind: Kopfschmerzen, Schwindel, Erbrechen, Magenschmerzen, Appetitlosigkeit und Müdigkeit. Die orale Aufnahme zeigt neben Leibschmerzen mit u.U. blutigen Durchfällen sonst die gleichen Symptome. Alkohol auch Fette und Öle fördern die Resorption. Alkohol potenziert die Wirkung.
Stark wassergefährdender Stoff (WGK 3).
Schutzmaßnahmen und Verhaltensregeln
Nur im Abzug arbeiten. Dämpfe nicht einatmen.
Latex- und Neopren-Schutzhandschuhe sind
nicht beständig gegen Tetrachlorkohlenstoff. Kurzfristig: PE-Einmal-Schutzhandschuhe.
Verhalten im Gefahrfall
Kleine Spritzer im Abzug verdampfen lassen. Bei Verschütten größerer Mengen evt. Bereich räumen, Hilfe herbeiholen. Mit Absorptionsmaterial, (z.B. Rench-Rapid) aufnehmen und als Sondermüll entsorgen.
Tetrachlormethan brennt selbst nicht; Brandbekämpfung auf die Umgebung abstimmen.
Atemschutz: Kombinationsfilter ABEK.
Erste Hilfe
Nach Augenkontakt: Mit viel Wasser mindestens 15 Minuten bei geööfnetem Augenlid spülen. Augenarzt!
Nach Einatmen: Frischluft. Arzt.
Nach Verschlucken: Sofort Arzt!
Nach Kleidungskontakt: Kontaminierte Kleidung sofort ausziehen.
Ersthelfer: siehe gesonderten Anschlag
Sachgerechte Entsorgung
Als Sondermüll (halogenhaltige Lösungsmittel) entsorgen.
Beschreibung
Carbon tetrachloride is a manufactured chemical and does not
occur naturally in the environment. It is produced by chlorination
of a variety of low molecular weight hydrocarbons such
as carbon disulfide, methane, ethane, propane, or ethylene
dichloride and also by thermal chlorination of methyl chloride.
Carbon tetrachloride is a precursor for chlorofluorocarbon
(CFC) gases that have been used as aerosol propellant. A
decrease in this use is occurring due to the agreement reached
in the Montreal Protocol for the reduction of environmental
concentrations of ozone-depleting chemicals, including carbon
tetrachloride.
Chemische Eigenschaften
Carbon tetrachloride, CC14, also known as tetrachloromethane, perchloro methane, and benzinoform, is a colorless liquid with a boiling point of 77 °C (170 OF). It is used as a solvent for lacquers, resin, and rubbers,and as a dry cleaning agent.
Physikalische Eigenschaften
Carbon tetrachloride is a volatile colourless clear heavy liquid with a characteristic sweet non-irritant odour. The odour threshold in water is 0.52 mg/litre and in air is > 10 ppm. Carbon tetrachloride is miscible with most aliphatic solvents and it is a solvent for benzyl resins, bitumen, chlorinated rubber, rubber-based gums, oils and fats.The solubility in water is low. Carbon tetrachloride is non-flammable and is stable in the presence of air and light. Decomposition may produce phosgene, carbon dioxide and hydrochloric acid.
History
In the 1890s, commercial manufacturing processes were being investigated by the United Alkali Co. in England. At the same time it was also produced in Germany, exported to the United States, and retailed as a spotting agent under the trade name Carbona. Large-scale production of carbon tetrachloride in the United States commenced in the early 1900s. By 1914, annual production fell just short of 4500 metric tons and was used primarily for dry cleaning and for charging fire extinguishers. During World War I, U.S. production of carbon tetrachloride expanded greatly; its use was extended to grain fumigation and the rubber industry. In 1934 it was supplanted as the predominant dry-cleaning agent in the United States by perchloroethylene, which is much less toxic and more stable. During the years immediately preceding World War II, trichloroethylene began to displace carbon tetrachloride from its then extensive market in the United States as a metal degreasing solvent. Carbon tetrachloride is more difficult to recover from degreasing operations, more readily hydrolyzed, and more toxic than trichloroethylene C2HCl3. The demands of World War II stimulated production and marked the beginning of its use as the starting material for chlorofluoromethanes, by far the most important application for carbon tetrachloride.
Verwenden
Carbon tetrachloride is used as a solvent, infire extinguishers, in dry cleaning, and in themanufacture of fluorocarbon propellents.As solvent for oils, fats, lacquers, varnishes, rubber waxes, resins; starting material in manufacture of organic Compounds. Pharmaceutic aid (solvent).
Definition
ChEBI: A chlorocarbon that is methane in which all the hydrogens have been replaced by chloro groups.
Vorbereitung Methode
Carbon tetrachloride is made by the reaction of carbon disulfide and chlorine in the presence of a catalyst, such as iron or antimony pentachloride:
CS
2 + 3Cl
2 → CCl
4 + S
2Cl
2
Sulfur chloride is removed by treatment with caustic soda solution. The product is purified by distillation.
Alternatively, CCl4 may be prepared by heating a mixture of chlorine and methane at 250 to 400°C.
CH
4 + 4Cl2 → CCl
4 + 4HCl
Allgemeine Beschreibung
Carbon tetrachloride appears as a clear colorless liquid with a characteristic odor. Denser than water (13.2 lb / gal) and insoluble in water. Noncombustible. May cause illness by inhalation, skin absorption and/or ingestion. Used as a solvent, in the manufacture of other chemicals, as an agricultural fumigant, and for many other uses.
Air & Water Reaktionen
Insoluble in water.
Reaktivität anzeigen
Carbon tetrachloride is a commonly used liquid in fire extinguishers to combat small fires. Carbon tetrachloride has no flash point, Carbon tetrachloride is not flammable. However, when heated to decomposition, Carbon tetrachloride will emit fumes of extremely toxic phosgene and of hydrogen chloride. Forms explosive mixtures with chlorine trifluoride, calcium hypochlorite, decaborane, dinitrogen tetraoxide, fluorine. Forms impact-sensitive explosive mixtures with particles of many metals: lithium, sodium, potassium, beryllium, zinc, aluminum, barium. Vigorous exothermic reaction with allyl alcohol, boron trifluoride, diborane, disilane, aluminum chloride, dibenzoyl peroxide, potassium tert-butoxide, liquid oxygen, zirconium. [Bretherick, 5th ed., 1995, p. 666]. Potentially dangerous reaction with dimethylformamide or dimethylacetamide in presence of iron [Cardillo, P. et al., Ann. Chim. (Rome), 1984, 74, p. 129].
Hazard
Carbon tetrachloride is a poison and also a carcinogen. The acute toxicity of this compound in humans is of low order. However, the ingestion of the liquid can be fatal, death resulting from acute liver or kidney necrosis. (Patnaik, P. 1999. A Comprehensive Guide to the Hazardous Properties of Chemical Substances, 2nd ed. New York: John Wiley & Sons.) The acute poisoning effects are headache, dizziness, fatigue, stupor, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, and liver damage. Chronic exposure can damage both liver and kidney. Carbon tetrachloride also is a suspected human carcinogen. It causes liver and thyroid cancers in experimental animals.
Flammability and Explosibility
Carbon tetrachloride is noncombustible. Exposure to fire or high temperatures may
lead to formation of phosgene, a highly toxic gas.
Industrielle Verwendung
Carbon tetrachloride is a clear, heavy liquid with a strong, aromatic odor. Its formula is CC14. It is produced in large quantities for use in the manufacturing of refrigerants and propellants for aerosol cans. It is also used as a feedstock in the synthesis of chlorofluorocarbons and other chemicals, in petroleum refining, pharmaceutical manufacturing, and general solvent use. Until the mid- 1960s, it was also widely used as a cleaning fluid, both in industry, where it served as a degreasing agent, and in the home, where it was used as a spot remover and in fire extinguishers.
Carbon tetrachloride is a highly volatile liquid with a strong etherial odor similar to chloroform. It mixes sparingly with water and is not flammable. When heated to decomposition, it emits highly toxic fumes of phosgene and hydrogen chloride. There is strong evidence that the toxicity of carbon tetrachloride is dramatically increased by its interaction with alcohols, ketones, and a range of other chemicals.
Carbon tetrachloride is known to deplete the ozone layer, where it is responsible for 17% of the ozone-destroying chlorine now in the stratosphere due to human activities. Carbon tetrachloride has a half-life of between 30 and 100 years.Its DOT Label is Poison, and its UN number is 1846.
Sicherheitsprofil
Also forms explosive mixtures with chlorine trifluoride, calcium hypochlorite (heatsensitive), calcium dtsllicide (frictionand pressuresensitive), triethyldialuminum trichloride (heatsensitive), decaborane(l4) (impact-sensitive), dinitrogen tetraoxide. Violent or explosive reaction on contact with fluorine. Forms explosive mixtures with ethylene between 25' and 105' and between 30 and 80 bar. Potentially explosive reaction on contact with boranes. 9:l mixtures of methanol and cCl4 react exothermically with aluminum, magnesium, or zinc. Potentially dangerous reaction with dimethyl formamide, 1,2,3,4,5,6 hexachlorocyclohexane, or dtmethylacetamide when iron is present as a catalyst. CCh has caused explosions when used as a fire extingusher on wax and uranium fires. Incompatible with aluminum trichloride, dtbenzoyl peroxide, potassiumtert-butoxide. Vigorous exothermic reaction with allyl alcohol, Al(C2H5)3, (benzoyl peroxide + C2H4), BrF3, diborane, dsilane, liquid O2, Pu, (AgClO4 + HCl), potassiumtert-butoxide, tetraethylenepentamine, tetrasilane, trisilane, Zr. When heated to decomposition it emits toxic fumes of Cl and phosgene. It has been banned from household use by the FDA.
mögliche Exposition
Carbon tetrachloride, and organochlorine, is used as a solvent for oils, fats, lacquers, varnishes,
rubber, waxes, and resins. Fluorocarbons are chemically
synthesized from it. It is also used as an azeotropic drying
agent for spark plugs; a dry-cleaning agent; a fire extinguishing agent; a fumigant, and an anthelmintic agent. The
use of this solvent is widespread, and substitution of less
toxic solvents when technically possible is recommended.
Carcinogenicity
Carbon tetrachloride is reasonably anticipated to be a human carcinogen based on sufficient evidence of carcinogenicity from studies in experimental animals.
Lager
Carbon tetrachloride should be handled in the laboratory using the "basic prudent
practices".
Versand/Shipping
UN1846 Carbon tetrachloride, Hazard Class:
6.1; Labels: 6.1-Poisonous materials.
Inkompatibilitäten
Oxidative decomposition on contact with
hot surfaces, flames, or welding arcs. Carbon tetrachloride
decomposes forming toxic phosgene fumes and hydrogen
chloride. Decomposes violently (producing heat) on contact
with chemically active metals, such as aluminum, barium,
magnesium, potassium, sodium, fluorine gas, allyl alcohol,
and other substances, causing fire and explosion hazard.
Attacks copper, lead, and zinc. Attacks some coatings, plastics, and rubber. Becomes corrosive when in contact with
water; corrosive to metals in the presence of moisture.
Waste disposal
Incineration, preferably after
mixing with another combustible fuel; care must be exercised to assure complete combustion to prevent the formation of phosgene; an acid scrubber is necessary to remove
the halo acids produced. Recover and purify by distillation where possible.
Tetrachlormethan Upstream-Materialien And Downstream Produkte
Upstream-Materialien
Downstream Produkte
3,4-DIBROMO-4-PHENYL-2-BUTANONE
o-Nitrobenzolsulfenylchlorid
2,5-Dichlorbenzoylchlorid
DIMETHYL 4-CHLOROPYRIDINE-2,6-DICARBOXYLATE
2,4-Dichlor-α,α,α-trifluortoluol
2,6-Dibromopyridin-3-amine
1-(4-BROMO-2-THIENYL)ETHAN-1-ONE
1-Brom-2,4-difluorbenzol
N-Chloromethyl-N-phenylaminoformyl chloride
Ethyl 2-amino-4-phenyl-5-thiazolecarboxylate
2-(Chloromethyl)pyridine
Chlorinated rubber
METHYL 4-(BROMOMETHYL)-3-METHOXYBENZOATE
Tetraiodmethan
N-(1,1-Dimethyl-3-oxo-butyl)-2-propenamid
4,5-Dichlor-3,6-dioxocyclohexa-1,4-dien-1,2-dicarbonitril
2,5-Dimethylthiophen
2-(Bromomethyl)pyridine hydrobromide
6-BROMOMETHYL-2-PYRIDINECARBOXYLIC ACID
9,10-Dibromanthracen
2,3-Dibrompropionaldehyd
Atropine sulfate monohydrate
2-(AMINOCARBONYL)NICOTINIC ACID
1-Brom-3-nitrobenzol
2,3-Dibrompropan-1-ol
2-(2-BROMOACETYL)THIOPHENE
4-Brom-2,6-dichlorphenol
Bromtrichlormethan
1,2,3,4-Tetrachloro-5,6-Dimethylbenzylene
1-(BROMOMETHYL)-4-(METHYLSULFONYL)BENZENE
Dimethylthiocarbamoylchlorid
5-BROMO-2-(METHYLTHIO)PYRIMIDINE
Salicylanilid
Dichlor(diphenyl)methan
5-IODOCYTOSINE
IMIDAZO[1,2-A]PYRIDINE-2-CARBOXYLIC ACID ETHYL ESTER
Butylbenzoat
α-Brom-2-nitrotoluol
5-BROMO-2-METHANESULFONYL-PYRIMIDINE
Methylcrotonat
