Acetaldehyd Chemische Eigenschaften,Einsatz,Produktion Methoden
ERSCHEINUNGSBILD
GAS ODER FARBLOSE FLüSSIGKEIT MIT STECHENDEM GERUCH.
PHYSIKALISCHE GEFAHREN
Die Dämpfe sind schwerer als Luft und können sich am Boden ausbreiten. Fernzündung möglich.
CHEMISCHE GEFAHREN
Bildung explosionsfähiger Peroxide bei Kontakt mit Luft. Polymerisation möglich unter Einfluss von Säuren undAlkalihydroxiden in Anwesenheit von Metallspuren (Eisen); Feuer- und Explosionsgefahr. Starkes Reduktionsmittel. Reagiert heftig mit Oxidationsmitteln, starken Säuren, Halogenen und Aminen. Feuer- und Explosionsgefahr!
ARBEITSPLATZGRENZWERTE
TLV: 25 ppm, (als STEL ceiling); Krebskategorie A3 (bestätigte krebserzeugende Wirkung beim Tier mit unbekannter Bedeutung für den Menschen); (ACGIH 2005).
MAK: 50 ppm, 91 mg/m? Spitzenbegrenzung: überschreitungsfaktor I(1); Krebserzeugend Kategorie: 3B; Schwangerschaft: Gruppe D; (DFG 2005).
AUFNAHMEWEGE
Aufnahme in den Körper durch Inhalation und durch Verschlucken.
INHALATIONSGEFAHREN
Beim Verdampfen bei 20 °C kann sehr schnell eine gesundheitsschädliche Kontamination der Luft eintreten.
WIRKUNGEN BEI KURZZEITEXPOSITION
WIRKUNGEN BEI KURZZEITEXPOSITION: Die Substanz reizt leicht die Augen, die Haut und die Atmungsorgane. Möglich sind Auswirkungen auf das zentrale Nervensystem.
WIRKUNGEN NACH WIEDERHOLTER ODER LANGZEITEXPOSITION
Wiederholter oder andauernder Hautkontakt kann Dermatitis hervorrufen. Möglich sind Auswirkungen auf die Atmungsorgane mit nachfolgenden Gewebeschäden. Möglicherweise krebserzeugend für den Menschen.
LECKAGE
Gefahrenbereich verlassen! Zündquellen entfernen. Ausgelaufene Flüssigkeit möglichst in abdichtbaren Behältern sammeln. Reste mit Sand oder inertem Absorptionsmittel aufnehmen und an einen sicheren Ort bringen. NICHT mit Sägemehl oder anderen brennbaren Absorptionsmitteln binden. Dampf mit feinem Wassersprühstrahl niederschlagen. NICHT in die Umwelt gelangen lassen. Persönliche Schutzausrüstung: Atemschutzfilter für organische Gase und Dämpfe.
R-Sätze Betriebsanweisung:
R23/24/25:Giftig beim Einatmen, Verschlucken und Berührung mit der Haut.
R34:Verursacht Verätzungen.
R40:Verdacht auf krebserzeugende Wirkung.
R43:Sensibilisierung durch Hautkontakt möglich.
R36/37:Reizt die Augen und die Atmungsorgane.
R12:Hochentzündlich.
R67:Dämpfe können Schläfrigkeit und Benommenheit verursachen.
R11:Leichtentzündlich.
R41:Gefahr ernster Augenschäden.
R22:Gesundheitsschädlich beim Verschlucken.
R10:Entzündlich.
S-Sätze Betriebsanweisung:
S36/37:Bei der Arbeit geeignete Schutzhandschuhe und Schutzkleidung tragen.
S33:Maßnahmen gegen elektrostatische Aufladungen treffen.
S16:Von Zündquellen fernhalten - Nicht rauchen.
S26:Bei Berührung mit den Augen sofort gründlich mit Wasser abspülen und Arzt konsultieren.
Aussehen Eigenschaften
C2H4O; farblose, flüchtige, mit Wasser unbegrenzt mischbare Flüssigkeit. Die Dämpfe riechen stechend, stark verdünnt fruchtartig.
Gefahren für Mensch und Umwelt
Hochentzündlich. Acetaldehyddämpfe sind nur wenig schwerer als Luft und bilden mit dieser explosionsfähige Gemische. An Luft bilden sich explosionsfähige Peroxide. Acetaldehyd ist empfindlich gegen Reibung und gegen Licht. Es reagiert heftig mit Oxidationsmitteln und konz. Schwefelsäure.
Schwächere Konzentration: Reizung der Schleimhäute von Auge, Nase, Atemwege, Katarrhe der Luftwege.
Höhere Konzentration: Heftiger Husten mit Erstickungsgefühl, Betäubung, Bronchitis, Lungen- und Brustfellentzündungen.
Chronisch: Bindegewebswucherungen in der Leber.
Irreversibler Schaden möglich.
Schutzmaßnahmen und Verhaltensregeln
Maßnahmen gegen elektrostatische Aufladung treffen. Lagerung über 20鳦 nur unter Schutzgas (z. B. Stickstoff). Nicht mit Säuren, ätzenden oder leicht entzündlichen Stoffen zusammen lagern.
Schutzhandschuhe aus Gummi (nur kurzzeitiger Spritzschutz).
Verhalten im Gefahrfall
Reinigungsmaßnahmen unter Atemschutz durchführen. Mit flüssigkeitsbindendem Material (z.B. Sand, Kieselgur, Universalbinder) aufnehmen. In gut verschließbaren Behältern der Entsorgung zuführen.
Wassernebel, Schaum, Kohlendioxid
Erste Hilfe
Nach Hautkontakt: Sofort mit viel Wasser abwaschen.
Nach Augenkontakt: Mindestens 15 Minuten bei geöffnetem Lidspalt viel Wasser spülen. Augenarzt!
Nach Einatmen: Frischluft und sofort verdünnte Ammoniakdämpfe einatmen lassen. Ruhe, Wärme . Bei Atemstillstand sofort Atemspende. Sofort Arzt hinzuziehen.
Nach Verschlucken: Wasser trinken lassen. Den Betroffenen nur bei vollem Bewußtsein selbsttätig erbrechen lassen. Sofort Arzt hinzuziehen.
Nach Kleidungskontakt: Beschmutzte Kleidung sofort ausziehen.
Ersthelfer: siehe gesonderten Anschlag
Sachgerechte Entsorgung
Als Sondermüll entsorgen.
Chemische Eigenschaften
Acetaldehyde is a highly flammable, volatile, colorless liquid. It has a characteristic pungent and suffocating odor, and is miscible in water. Acetaldehyde is ubiquitous in the ambient environment. It is an intermediate product of higher plant respiration and formed as a product of incomplete wood combustion in fi replaces and woodstoves, burning of tobacco, vehicle exhaust fumes, coal refi ning, and waste processing. Exposures to acetaldehyde occur during the production of acetic acid and various other industrial chemical substances. For instance, the manufacture of drugs, dyes, explosives, disinfectants, pheno- lic and urea resins, rubber accelerators, and varnish.
Physikalische Eigenschaften
Colorless, mobile, fuming, volatile liquid or gas with a penetrating, pungent odor; fruity odor
when diluted. Odor threshold concentrations ranged from 1.5 ppb
v (Nagata and Takeuchi, 1990) to
0.21 ppm
v (Leonardos et al., 1969). Katz and Talbert (1930) reported an experimental detection
odor threshold concentration of 120 μg/m
3 (67 ppb
v). At low concentrations, acetaldehyde imparts
a pleasant, fruity, green apple or leafy green-like flavor (van Aardt et al., 2001). Twenty-five
panelists were randomly selected for testing milk products and water for determining flavor
thresholds. Flavor threshold concentrations determined by a geometric approach were 3,939 ppb
for nonfat milk (0.5% milk fat), 4,020 ppb for low-fat milk (2% milk fat), 4,040 ppb for whole
milk, 10,048 ppb for chocolate milk, and 167 ppb for spring water (van Aardt et al., 2001).
Occurrence
Reported.found.in.oak.and.tobacco.leaves;.in.the.fruital.aromas.of.pear,.apple,.raspberry,.strawberry.and.pineapple;.in.the.distillation.waters.of.Monarda punctata, orris,.cumin,.chenopodium;.in.the.essential.oils.of.Litsea cubeba, Magnolia grandiflora, Artemisia brevifolia, rosemary,.balm,.clary.sage,.Mentha arvensis, daffodil,.bitter.orange,.camphor,.angelica,.fennel,. mustard,.Scotch.blended.whiskey,.Japanese.whiskey,.rose.wine,.blackberry.brandy.and.rum.
Verwenden
Acetaldehyde is used as a general solvent in organic and polymer chemical reactions. It also plays a role in fruit and food quality, ripening and deterioration.manufacture of paraldehyde, acetic acid, butanol, perfumes, flavors, aniline dyes, plastics, synthetic rubber; silvering mirrors, hardening gelatin fibers. Flavoring agent in foods and beverages. Fumigant for storage of apples and strawberries.
Definition
ChEBI: Acetaldehyde is the aldehyde formed from acetic acid by reduction of the carboxy group. It is the most abundant carcinogen in tobacco smoke. It has a role as a human metabolite, an EC 3.5.1.4 (amidase) inhibitor, a carcinogenic agent, a mutagen, a teratogenic agent, an oxidising agent, an electron acceptor, a Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite, an Escherichia coli metabolite and a mouse metabolite.
Vorbereitung Methode
The main production method is the Hoeschst–Wacker twostage
process, in which acetaldehyde is generated by oxidizing
ethylene with aqueous palladium chloride over a copper
catalyst. Some acetaldehyde is also produced by oxidation
of ethanol.
Allgemeine Beschreibung
Acetaldehyde appears as a clear colorless liquid with a pungent choking odor. Flash point -36 °F. Boiling point 69 °F. Density 6.5 lb / gal. Vapors are heaver than air and irritate the mucous membranes and especially the eyes. Used to make other chemicals.
Air & Water Reaktionen
Highly flammable. Easily oxidized by air to form unstable peroxides which may explode. Forms explosive mixture with air above 100°C (30-60% of the vapor in air) owing to formation of peroxyacetic acid [White, A. G. et al., J. Soc. Chem. Ind., 1950, 69, p. 206]. Soluble in water.
Reaktivität anzeigen
Acetaldehyde undergoes a vigorously exothermic condensation reaction in contact with strong acids, bases or traces of metals. Can react vigorously with oxidizing reagents such as dinitrogen pentaoxide, hydrogen peroxide, oxygen, silver nitrate, etc. Contamination often leads either to reaction with the contaminant or polymerization, both with the evolution of heat. Can react violently with acid anhydrides, alcohols, ketones, phenols, ammonia, hydrogen cyanide, hydrogen sulfide, halogens, phosphorus, isocyanates, concentrated sulfuric acid, and aliphatic amines. Reactions with cobalt chloride, mercury(II) chlorate or perchlorate form sensitive, explosive products [Sax, 9th ed., 1996, p. 5]. An oxygenation reaction of Acetaldehyde in the presence of cobalt acetate at -20°C exploded violently when stirred. The event was ascribed to peroxyacetate formation [Phillips B. et al., J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1957, 79, p. 5982].
Health Hazard
The acute toxicity of acetaldehyde is low by inhalation and moderate by ingestion. Exposure to acetaldehyde by inhalation is irritating to the respiratory tract and mucous membranes; this substance is a narcotic and can cause central nervous system depression. Ingestion of acetaldehyde may cause severe irritation of the digestive tract leading to nausea, vomiting, headache, and liver damage. Acetaldehyde causes irritation and burning upon skin contact and is a severe eye irritant.br Acetaldehyde has caused nasal tumors in rats exposed by inhalation and is listed by IARC in Group 2B ("possible human carcinogen"). It is not classified as a "select carcinogen" according to the criteria of the OSHA Laboratory Standard. Acetaldehyde is mutagenic and has been shown to be a reproductive toxin in animals. Acetaldehyde is formed by metabolism of ethanol, and chronic exposure can produce symptoms similar to alcoholism.
Brandgefahr
Acetaldehyde is a dangerous fire hazard (NFPA rating = 4) owing to its volatility and low autoignition temperature. Its vapor is explosive in the concentration range 4 to 66% in air and may be ignited by hot surfaces such as hot plates or light bulbs, or by static electricity discharges. The vapor is heavier than air and may travel a considerable distance to an ignition source and "flash back." Carbon dioxide or dry chemical extinguishers should be used to fight acetaldehyde fires.
Flammability and Explosibility
Acetaldehyde is a dangerous fire hazard (NFPA rating = 4) owing to its volatility
and low autoignition temperature. Its vapor is explosive in the concentration range 4
to 66% in air and may be ignited by hot surfaces such as hot plates or light bulbs, or
by static electricity discharges. The vapor is heavier than air and may travel a
considerable distance to an ignition source and "flash back." Carbon dioxide or dry
chemical extinguishers should be used to fight acetaldehyde fires.
Kontakt-Allergie
Acetaldehyde, as its metabolite, is responsible for many
of the effects of ethanol, such as hepatic or neurological
toxicity. A case of contact allergy was reported in
the textile industry, where dimethoxane was used as a
biocide agent in textiles, and its degradation led to
acetaldehyde
Sicherheitsprofil
Confirmed carcinogen with experimental carcinogenic and tumorigenic data. Poison by intratracheal and intravenous routes. A human systemic irritant by inhalation. An experimental routes. A human systemic irritant by inhalation. An experimental teratogen. Other experimental reproductive effects. A skin and severe eye irritant. A narcotic. Human mutation data reported. A common air contaminant. Highly flammable liquid. Mixtures of 30-60% of the vapor in air ignite above 100℃. It can react violently with acid anhydrides, alcohols, ketones, phenols, NH3, HCN, H2S, halogens, P, isocyanates, strong alkalies, and amines. Reactions with cobalt chloride, mercury(Ⅱ) chlorate, or mercury(Ⅱ) perchlorate form violently in the presence of traces of metals or acids. Reaction with oxygen may lead to detonation. When heated to decomposition it emits acrid smoke and fumes.
mögliche Exposition
Acetaldehyde is used as a chemical intermediate and can be found in many processed foods; in crafts, arts, automotive, and home improvement products
Carcinogenicity
Acetaldehyde is reasonably anticipated to be a human carcinogenbased on sufficient evidence of carcinogenicity from studies in experimental animals.
Environmental Fate
Biological. Heukelekian and Rand (1955) reported a 5-d BOD value of 1.27 g/g that is 69.8% of
the ThOD value of 1.82 g/g.
Photolytic. Photooxidation of acetaldehyde in nitrogen oxide-free air using radiation between
2900 to 3500 ? yielded hydrogen peroxide, alkyl hydroperoxides, carbon monoxide, and lower
molecular weight aldehydes. In the presence of nitrogen oxides, photooxidation products include
ozone, hydrogen peroxide, and peroxyacyl nitrates (Kopczynski et al., 1974). Anticipated products
from the reaction of acetaldehyde with ozone or OH radicals in the atmosphere are formaldehyde
and carbon dioxide (Cupitt, 1980). Reacts with nitrogen dioxide forming peroxyacyl nitrates,
formaldehyde, and methyl nitrate (Altshuller, 1983). Irradiation in the presence of chlorine yielded peroxyacetic acid, carbon monoxide, and carbon dioxide (acetaldehyde into formic acid, methyl
nitrate, and peroxyacetal nitrate (Cox et al., 1980).
Chemical/Physical. Oxidation in air yields acetic acid (Windholz et al., 1983). In the presence
of sulfuric, hydrochloric, or phosphoric acids, polymerizes explosively forming trimeric
paraldehyde (Huntress and Mulliken, 1941; Patnaik, 1992). In an aqueous solution at 25 °C,
acetaldehyde is partially hydrated, i.e., 0.60 expressed as a mole fraction, forming a gem-diol (Bell
and McDougall, 1960). Acetaldehyde decomposes at temperatures greater than 400 °C, forming
carbon monoxide and methane (Patnaik, 1992).
Lager
Acetaldehyde
should be used only in areas free of ignition sources, and quantities greater than 1
liter should be stored in tightly sealed metal containers in areas separate from
oxidizers. Acetaldehyde should always be stored under an inert atmosphere of
nitrogen or argon to prevent autoxidation.
Versand/Shipping
UN1088 Acetaldehyde, Hazard Class: 3; Labels: 3-Flammable liquid.
läuterung methode
Acetaldehyde is usually purified by fractional distillation in a glass helices-packed column under dry N2, discarding the first portion of distillate. Or, it is shaken for 30minutes with NaHCO3, dried with CaSO4 and fractionally distilled at 760mm through a 70cm Vigreux column (p 11). The middle fraction is collected and further purified by standing for 2hours at 0o with a small amount of hydroquinone (free radical inhibitor), followed by distillation [Longfield & Walters J Am Chem Soc 77 810 1955]. [Beilstein 1 IV 3094.]
Inkompatibilitäten
Reacts with air to form unstable peroxides which can explode. Contact with air causes acetaldehyde to chemically degrade to acetic acid. Strong oxidizers, acids, bases, alcohols, ammonia, amines, halogens, phenols, acid anhydrides, ketones, hydrogen cyanide, hydrogen sulfide. May dissolve rubber. Slightly corrosive to mild steel. May explode without warning when exposed to heat, dust, corrosives, or oxidizers.
Waste disposal
Consult with environmental regulatory agencies for guidance on acceptable disposal practices. Generators of waste containing this contaminant (≥100 kg/mo) must conform with EPA regulations governing storage, transportation, treatment, and waste disposal. Incineration.
Acetaldehyd Upstream-Materialien And Downstream Produkte
Upstream-Materialien
Downstream Produkte
Methomyl
Glyoxal
(S)-2-AMINO-3-(6-METHOXY-1H-INDOL-3-YL)-PROPIONIC ACID
METHYL PENT-4-YN-2-YLCARBAMATE
Hexa-2,4-diensure
2,4-Dimethyl-1H-imidazol
MONOMETHYL 3-METHYLGLUTARATE
PENT-3-YN-2-AMINE
Benzanilid
2,4,6-Trimethyl-1,3,5-trioxan
(Methylthio)acetaldehydoxim
2-Methyl-1,3-dithian
2-AMINOPROPANENITRILE
Metronidazol
1,1-Diethoxyethan
2-Methylimidazol
Harmin
Pentaerythritol
Essigsure
Thiodicarb
2,4,6,8-Tetramethyl-1,3,5,7-tetroxacyclooctan
