2,2,4-Trimethylpentan Chemische Eigenschaften,Einsatz,Produktion Methoden
ERSCHEINUNGSBILD
FARBLOSE FLüSSIGKEIT MIT CHARAKTERISTISCHEM GERUCH.
PHYSIKALISCHE GEFAHREN
Die Dämpfe sind schwerer als Luft und können sich am Boden ausbreiten. Fernzündung möglich. Fließen, Schütten o.ä. kann zu elektrostatischer Aufladung führen.
CHEMISCHE GEFAHREN
Erhitzen kann zu sehr heftiger Verbrennung oder Explosion führen. Reagiert mit starken Oxidationsmitteln.
ARBEITSPLATZGRENZWERTE
TLV: 300 ppm (als TWA) (ACGIH 2005).
MAK: Krebserzeugend Kategorie 3A (DFG 2005).
AUFNAHMEWEGE
Aufnahme in den Körper durch Inhalation und durch Verschlucken.
INHALATIONSGEFAHREN
Nur ungenügende Angaben vorhanden über die Geschwindigkeit, mit der eine gesundheitsschädliche Konzentration in der Luft beim Verdampfen bei 20°C erreicht wird.
WIRKUNGEN BEI KURZZEITEXPOSITION
WIRKUNGEN BEI KURZZEITEXPOSITION: Die Substanz reizt die Augen, die Haut und die Atemwege. Möglich sind Auswirkungen auf Nieren, Leber und Nervensystem. Verschlucken kann zur Aufnahme in der Lunge führen; Gefahr der Aspirationspneumonie.
WIRKUNGEN NACH WIEDERHOLTER ODER LANGZEITEXPOSITION
Die Flüssigkeit entfettet die Haut.
LECKAGE
Gefahrenbereich verlassen! Zündquellen entfernen. Ausgelaufene Flüssigkeit möglichst in abdichtbaren Behältern sammeln. Reste mit Sand oder inertem Absorptionsmittel aufnehmen und an einen sicheren Ort bringen. Persönliche Schutzausrüstung: Umgebungsluftunabhängiges Atemschutzgerät.
R-Sätze Betriebsanweisung:
R11:Leichtentzündlich.
R38:Reizt die Haut.
R50/53:Sehr giftig für Wasserorganismen, kann in Gewässern längerfristig schädliche Wirkungen haben.
R65:Gesundheitsschädlich: kann beim Verschlucken Lungenschäden verursachen.
R67:Dämpfe können Schläfrigkeit und Benommenheit verursachen.
S-Sätze Betriebsanweisung:
S9:Behälter an einem gut gelüfteten Ort aufbewahren.
S16:Von Zündquellen fernhalten - Nicht rauchen.
S29:Nicht in die Kanalisation gelangen lassen.
S33:Maßnahmen gegen elektrostatische Aufladungen treffen.
S60:Dieses Produkt und sein Behälter sind als gefährlicher Abfall zu entsorgen.
S61:Freisetzung in die Umwelt vermeiden. Besondere Anweisungen einholen/Sicherheitsdatenblatt zu Rate ziehen.
S62:Bei Verschlucken kein Erbrechen herbeiführen. Sofort ärztlichen Rat einholen und Verpackung oder dieses Etikett vorzeigen.
Beschreibung
Isooctane is a flammable liquid isomer of octane. It is best known for defining the octane
number to rate the antiknock quality of gasoline, which is related to engine performance.
Since 1930, many chemical processes, such as alkylation
and polymerization, have been developed to increase the production of branched compounds
in refi nery operations. High octane numbers in gasoline are those associated with the alkenes
(olefins) and aromatics, especially akyl benzene compounds. For example, 2-pentene has a
RON of 154. Benzene itself has a RON of 98, but 1,3,5-trimethylbenzene has a RON of 170.
The highest octane numbers in gasoline are associated with cyclic alkenes, but these account
for only a minute fraction of gasoline.
Chemische Eigenschaften
2,2,4-Trimethylpentane (isooctane), C8H18, is a colorless
liquid naturally found in crude petroleum and in small
amounts in natural gas. It is released to the
environment by the petroleum industries, by automotive
exhausts and emissions, and from hazardous-waste sites,
landfills, and emissions from wood combustion.
Physikalische Eigenschaften
Octane is a colorless liquid with a gasoline-like odor. The odor threshold is 4 ppm and 48 ppm (New Jersey Fact Sheet). An odor threshold concentration of 670 ppbv was reported by Nagata and Takeuchi (1990).
Verwenden
2,2,4-Trimethylpentane is used as a mobile phase in High Performance Liquid Chromatography and Liquid Chromatography coupled with Mass Spectrometry.
Vorbereitung Methode
Isooctane is produced from the fractional distillation of
petroleum fractions and naphthas. It is also produced from
the alkylation of 2-methylpropene with isobutane.
Definition
ChEBI: 2,2,4-Trimethylpentane is an alkane that consists of pentane bearing two methyl substituents at position 2 and a single methyl substituent at position 4.
Allgemeine Beschreibung
A clear colorless liquid with a petroleum-like odor. Flash point 10°F. Less dense than water and insoluble in water. Vapors are heavier than air.
Air & Water Reaktionen
Highly flammable. Insoluble in water.
Reaktivität anzeigen
Saturated aliphatic hydrocarbons, such as 2,2,4-Trimethylpentane, may be incompatible with strong oxidizing agents like nitric acid. Charring of the hydrocarbon may occur followed by ignition of unreacted hydrocarbon and other nearby combustibles. In other settings, aliphatic saturated hydrocarbons are mostly unreactive. They are not affected by aqueous solutions of acids, alkalis, most oxidizing agents, and most reducing agents.
Hazard
Intermediate, azeotropic distillation entrainer.
Health Hazard
Inhalation or contact with material may irritate or burn skin and eyes. Fire may produce irritating, corrosive and/or toxic gases. Vapors may cause dizziness or suffocation. Runoff from fire control or dilution water may cause pollution.
Brandgefahr
Highly flammable liquid; flash point (closed
cup) －12.2°C (10°F); autoignition temperature
418°C (784°F) (NFPA 1997); fireextinguishing
agent: dry chemical, foam, or
CO2; use a water spray to keep fire-exposed
containers cool. Isooctane forms explosive
mixtures with air within the range 1–4.6%
by volume of air.
Sicherheitsprofil
Mutation data reported.
High concentrations can cause narcosis. A
very dangerous fire hazard when exposed to
heat, flame, oxidmers. Can react vigorously
with reducing materials. Explosive in the
form of vapor when exposed to heat or
flame. To fight fire, use CO2, dry chemical.
When heated to decomposition it emits
acrid smoke and irritating fumes. See also
ALKANES.
mögliche Exposition
Octane is used as a solvent; as a
fuel; as an intermediate in organic synthesis; and in
azeotropicdistillations.
Carcinogenicity
Male and female rats were initiated
with 170 ppm N-ethyl-N-hydroxyethylnitrosamine for
2 weeks and subsequently exposed to isooctane for 61
weeks. An increase in atypical cell foci (a preneoplastic
lesion) was observed in male but not female rats promoted
with the high dose.
Environmental Fate
Surface Water. Mackay and Wolkoff (1973) estimated an evaporation half-life of 4.1 sec from a
surface water body that is 25 °C and 1 m deep.
Photolytic. The following rate constants were reported for the reaction of 2,2,4-trimethylpentane
and OH radicals in the atmosphere: 2.3 x 10
-12 cm
3/molecule?sec at 300 K (Hendry and
Kenley, 1979); 2.83 x 10
-12 cm
3/molecule?sec at 298 K (Greiner, 1970); 3.73 x 10
-12
cm
3/molecule?sec at 298–305 K (Darnall et al., 1978); 3.7 x 10
-12 cm
3/molecule?sec (Atkinson et
al., 1979); 3.90 x 10
-12 cm
3/molecule?sec at 298 K (Atkinson, 1985). Based on a photooxidation
rate constant of 3.68 x 10
-12 cm
3/molecule?sec for the reaction of 2,2,4-trimethylpentane and OH
radicals in summer sunlight, the lifetime is 16 h (Altshuller, 1991).
Products identified from the reaction of 2,2,4-trimethylpentane with OH radicals in the presence
of nitric oxide included acetone, 2-methypropanal, 4-hydroxy-4-methyl-2-pentanone, and hydroxy
nitrates (Tuazon et al., 2002).
Chemical/Physical. Complete combustion in air produces carbon dioxide and water vapor.
2,2,4-Trimethylpentane will not hydrolyze in water.
Versand/Shipping
UN1262 Octanes, Hazard Class: 3; Labels:
3-Flammable liquid.
läuterung methode
Distil isooctane from sodium, pass it through a column of silica gel or activated alumina (to remove traces of olefins), and again distilled from sodium. Extract repeatedly with conc H2SO4, then agitate it with aqueous KMnO4, wash it with water, dry (CaSO4) and distil it. Purify it also by azeotropic distillation with EtOH, which is subsequently washed out with water, and the trimethylpentane is dried and fractionally distilled. [Forziati et al. J Res Nat Bur Stand 36 126 1946.] [Beilstein 1 IV 439.]
Inkompatibilitäten
Reacts with strong oxidizers, causing fire
and explosion hazard. Attacks some forms of plastics, rubber
and coatings.
Waste disposal
Dissolve or mix the material
with a combustible solvent and burn in a chemical incinerator
equipped with an after burner and scrubber. All federal,
state, and local environmental regulations must be observed.
2,2,4-Trimethylpentan Upstream-Materialien And Downstream Produkte
Upstream-Materialien
Downstream Produkte
