1,3,5-トリニトロ-2-メチルベンゼン 化学特性,用途語,生産方法
解説
C7H5N2O6(227.13)．2,4,6-トリニトロトルエン，略称TNT．トルエンを混酸で2段階または3段階に分けてニトロ化すれば最終的に得られる．淡黄色の結晶．融点80.7 ℃．d204 1.65．減圧蒸留も可能であるが，日光により茶褐色にかわる．水に難溶，ベンゼン，エーテルに易溶．加熱，衝撃，摩擦により爆発する．爆発熱4.27 kJ g－1．森北出版「化学辞典（第2版）
用途
兵器及びダイナマイト?硝安爆薬用
用途
2,4,6-トリニトロトルエン，爆速や爆発威力はやや低いが，炸(さく)薬として適しており，鈍感である．溶融凝固または粉末を圧搾して装填し，軍用爆薬として用いるほか，硝安爆薬のなかに加えて鋭感剤として，産業用爆薬への利用も行われている．皮膚から吸収され，頭痛，貧血，肝障害の原因になりうる．
説明
2,4,6-Trinitrotoluene (TNT) is a yellow, odourless, unstable solid. TNT does not occur
naturally in the environment. TNT is an explosive used in military shells, bombs, and
grenades; in industrial uses; and in underwater blasting. TNT is a high explosive that is
unaffected by ordinary shocks and therefore must be set off by a detonator. TNT is often
mixed with other explosives such as ammonium nitrate to form amatol. Because it is
insensitive to shock and must be exploded with a detonator, it is the most favoured explosive
used in munitions and construction. TNT reacts violently, is potentially explosively,
reacts with heavy metals, and is a chemical with risk of explosion if heated or struck.
化学的特性
TNT exists in five isomers; 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene
is the most commonly used. It is a colorless to pale yellow
odorless solid (pellets, cast blocks, and cast slabs) or
crushed flakes.
物理的性質
Colorless to light yellow, odorless monoclinic crystals. Soluble in alcohol and ether; insoluble in water.
使用
2,4,6-Trinitrotoluene (TNT) is used as a high explosive in mining and in military. It is produced by nitration of toluene with a mixture of nitric and sulfuric acids.
定義
ChEBI: 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene is a trinitrotoluene having the nitro groups at positions 2, 4 and 6. It has a role as an explosive. It is functionally related to a 1,3,5-trinitrobenzene.
一般的な説明
A slurry of a yellow water-insoluble crystalline solid. Can burn, although difficult to ignite. When water has been driven off or evaporated the residue is easily ignited, burns vigorously, and is highly explosive . Produces toxic oxides of nitrogen during combustion. May explode under exposure to intense heat. Primary hazard is blast of an explosion, not flying projectiles or fragments.
反応プロフィール
TRINITROTOLUENE may begin a vigorous reaction that culminates in a detonation if mixed with reducing agents, including hydrides, sulfides and nitrides. May explode in the presence of a base such as sodium hydroxide or potassium hydroxide even in the presence of water or organic solvents.
健康ハザード
Some are toxic and may be fatal if inhaled, swallowed or absorbed through skin. Contact may cause burns to skin and eyes. Fire may produce irritating, corrosive and/or toxic gases. Runoff from fire control or dilution water may cause pollution.
火災危険
TNT is a high explosive. In comparison to many other high explosives, it is insensitive to heat, shock, or friction. Small amounts may burn quietly without detonation. However, when heated rapidly or subjected to strong shock, it detonates. Its detonation temperature is 470°C (878°F) and its velocity is between 5.1 and 6.9 km/s. In combination with other explosives, TNT is widely used as a military and industrial explosive. Amatol, cyclonite, and tetrytol are some of the examples of such explosive combinations. Amatol is a composition of 80% ammonium nitrate and 20% TNT by mass. TNT itself has a very high brisance.
Products from the detonation of 1.5-2.0 kg of TNT in air- and oxygen-deficient atmospheres consisted of low-molecularweight gases and high-molecular-weight polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (Johnson et al. 1988). Greiner and associates (1988) examined the soots produced from the detonation of cast composites of TNT mixed with nitroguanidine or RDX in 1 atmosphere of argon. The soot contained 25 wt% diamond 4-7 nm in diameter, the IR spectrum and particle size of which resembled those from meteorites.
.
職業ばく露
TNT is used as an explosive, that is,
as a bursting charge in military explosive shells, bombs,
grenades, and mines; and an intermediate in dyestuffs and
photographic chemicals.
発がん性
In bacterial and mammalian in vitro cell
systems TNT is a direct-acting mutagen.
However, inclusion of exogenous metabolic
activation appears to abolish the genotoxicity.
In vivo assays of TNT have not shown it to be
genotoxic, suggesting that TNT may be
reduced to nonmutagenic metabolic products
in the whole animal.
貯蔵
TNT is stored in a permanent magazine, separated from combustible and oxidizable materials, initiators, and heat sources. It is shipped in amounts not exceeding 60 lb (27 kg) in weight in metal containers enclosed in wooden or fiberboard boxes.
輸送方法
UN1356 Trinitrotoluene, wetted with not <30%
water, by mass, Hazard Class: 4.1; Labels: 4.1-Flammable
solid. UN0209 Trinitrotoluene or TNT, dry or wetted with
< 30% water, by mass, Hazard Class: 1D; Labels:1DExplosive
(with a mass explosion hazard); D-Substances or
articles which may mass detonate (with blast and/or fragment
hazard) when exposed to fire.
純化方法
Crystallise TNT from *benzene and EtOH. Then fuse (CARE) and allow to crystallise under vacuum. Gey, Dalbey and Van Dolah [J Am Chem Soc 78 1803 1956] dissolved TNT in acetone and added cold water (1:2:15), the precipitate was filtered off, washed free from solvent and stirred with five parts of aqueous 8% Na2SO3 at 50-60o for 10minutes. This was filtered, washed with cold water until the effluent was colourless, and air dried. The product was dissolved in five parts of hot CCl4, washed with warm water until the washings were colourless and TNT was recoverd by cooling and filtering. It was recrystallised from 95% EtOH and carefully dried over H2SO4. The dry solid should not be heated without taking precautions for a possible EXPLOSION. Work with small quantities. [Beilstein 5 H 347, 5 I 172, 5 II 268, 5 III 767, 5 IV 873.]
不和合性
Sensitive to shock and heat. Incompatible
with initiating explosives, combustible materials. Aromatic
nitro compounds, such as trinitrobenzene, range from slight to
strong oxidizing agents. Keep away from strong reducing
agents, including hydrides, alkali metals; aluminium and
other metal powder; phosphorus; sulfides and nitrides, alkaline
material, strong bases; contact may initiate vigorous reactions
that culminates in a detonation. The aromatic nitro
compounds may explode in the presence of a base such as
sodium hydroxide or potassium hydroxide even in the presence
of water or organic solvents. The aromatic nitro
compounds may explode in the presence of a base such as
sodium hydroxide or potassium hydroxide even in the presence
of water or organic solvents. Incompatible with
strong oxidizers (chlorates, nitrates, peroxides, permanganates,
perchlorates, chlorine, bromine, fluorine, etc.); contact
may cause fires or explosions.
廃棄物の処理
TNT is dissolved in acetone
and incinerated. The incinerator should be equipped with
an afterburner and a caustic soda solution scrubber.
1,3,5-トリニトロ-2-メチルベンゼン 上流と下流の製品情報
原材料
準備製品