セルロース（紙繊維） 化学特性,用途語,生産方法
定義
本品は、植物繊維から得られる多糖、又は酢酸セルロース(*)を加水分解したものである。参照表示名称：酢酸セルロース
解説
植物細胞壁の主要構成成分。自然界にもっとも多く存在する有機化合物であり、植物中で二酸化炭素と水とから光合成によってつくられている。繊維素ともいう。セルロース鎖（α-1,4グルカン）が40本くらい集まった単位をミセルとよび、ミセルが多数集合したものをミクロフィブリル（微繊維）という。ミクロフィブリルは太さ10～30ナノメートル、長さ数マイクロメートルの大きさである。細胞壁の中で、セルロースはミクロフィブリルを形成する（セルロースミクロフィブリル）。これは、他の非セルロース性多糖類（ヘミセルロースおよびペクチン質）からなるマトリックス（細胞質基質）の中に埋没されたような状態で存在している。
森北出版「化学辞典（第2版）
化粧品の成分用途
表面改質剤、剥離剤、不透明化剤、滑沢剤、抗ケーキング剤、親水性増粘剤、乳化安定剤、吸着剤、研磨.スクラブ剤、増量剤
構造
セルロースはD-(+)-グルコースのみより構成される多糖類(C6H10O5)nであり、グルコース単位は六員環いす形構造をもつヘミアセタールであるグルコピラノース環となり、そのC1位にあるヒドロキシ基-OHと、隣接するグルコース単位のC4位ヒドロキシ基との間で水1分子を失った形のβ-1,4-グルコシド結合により直鎖状につながった構造をとっている。結合をつくる二つのヒドロキシ基はいずれも赤道方向ともいうべきエクアトリアル位（赤道という意味）にあるため、グルコース単位は直鎖状に並ぶ。セルロースとデンプンは、結合をつくる位置と方向が多少違うことから、立体配置が異なっている。セルロースの分子量は数十万またはそれ以上のこともあり、1分子につき存在するグルコース単位の数（分子式でのnの数）は3000～6000個、セルロース分子の長さは2万～3万オングストローム（Å。10-10メートル）といわれている。これら鎖状セルロース分子において、数多くのヒドロキシ基が残っており、いずれもエクアトリアル位にあるため分子間の水素結合によって結び合い、平行に規則正しく配列し束をつくっている。束の両端は房状となり、他の房と網状につながりセルロース繊維となっていると考えられている。実際に天然セルロースにおいては微結晶部分と無定形部分とが認められ、このような構造が繊維の強さ、弾力性、染色性、吸湿性を生んでいる。セルロースを溶解したのち再生すると結晶構造は変わる。木材ではセルロース分子の束がリグニンの中に埋め込まれ、さらに強化された構造となっている。セルロースのなかには、D-マンノース、D-キシロースを含むもの、またD-グルコースが多少枝分れして結合しているものも例外的にある。
効能
錠・カプセル希釈剤
化学的特性
Microcrystalline cellulose and carboxymethylcellulose sodium
occurs as a white or off-white odorless and tasteless hygroscopic
powder containing 5–22% sodium carboxymethylcellulose. It is a
water-dispersible organic hydrocolloid.
天然物の起源
The fiber in typical paper can be called “cellulosic”, meaning that cellulose is its most prominent component. Cellulose is present not only in wood, but also in various non-woody plants, such as straw, sugarcane (bagasse), reeds, and hemp.
使用
Microcrystalline Cellulose is a gum that is the nonfibrous form of cellulose, an alpha-cellulose. It is dispersible in water but not soluble, requiring considerable energy to disperse and hydrate. In this form it is used in dry applications such as tableting, capsules, and shredded cheese where it functions as a non-nutritive filler, binder, flow aid, and anticaking agent. By the addition of carboxymethylcellulose to the alpha-cellulose prior to drying, improved functional properties of hydration and dispersion are obtained. This product is designed for use in water dispersions, being insoluble in water but dispersing in water to form colloidal sols below 1% and white opaque gels above the 1% usage level. It is used as a heat shock stabilizer and bodying agent in frozen desserts, as an opacifier in low-fat dressings, as a foam stabilizer in whipped toppings, and as an emulsifier in dressings. Also termed cellulose gel.
調製方法
Microcrystalline cellulose and carboxymethylcellulose sodium is a
spray- or bulk-dried blend of microcrystalline cellulose and sodium
carboxymethylcellulose. It is prepared by the chemical depolymerization
of highly purified wood pulp. The original crystalline areas
of the pulp fibers are combined with sodium carboxymethylcellulose,
which serves as a protective colloid and also facilitates
dispersion of the product; it is then either spray- or bulk-dried.
定義
A natural carbohydrate high polymer (polysaccha-
ride) consisting of anhydroglucose units joined by
an oxygen linkage to form long molecular chains
that are essentially linear. It can be hydrolyzed to
glucose. The degree of polymerization is from 1000
for wood pulp to 3500 for cotton fiber, giving a
molecular weight from 160,000 to 560,000.
Cellulose is a colorless solid, d approximately 1.50,
insoluble in water and organic solvents. It will
swell in sodium hydroxide solution and is soluble
in Schweitzer’s reagent. It is the fundamental con-
stituent of all vegetable tissues (wood, grass, cotton,
etc.) and the most abundant organic material in the
world. Cotton fibers are almost pure cellulose; wood
contains approximately 50%.
The physical structure of cellulose is unusual in that it
is not a single crystal but consists of crystalline areas
embedded in amorphous areas. Chemical reagents
penetrate the latter more easily than the former. Cel-
lulose is virtually odorless and tasteless and is com-
bustible, with an ignition point of approximately
450F. In some forms, it is flammable. For example,
railroad shipping regulations require a flammable
label on such items as burnt fiber, burnt cotton,
wet waste paper, and wet textiles. Fires have been
known to occur in warehouses in which telephone
books were stored. These were undoubtedly due to heat buildup in the paper caused by microbial
activity and self-sustaining oxidation.
一般的な説明
Odorless, white powdery fibers. Density 1.5 g cm-3. The biopolymer composing the cell wall of vegetable tissues. Prepared by treating cotton with an organic solvent to de-wax Cellulose microcrystalline and removing pectic acids by extration with a solution of sodium hydroxide. The principal fiber composing the cell wall of vegetable tissues (wood, cotton, flax, grass, etc.). Technical uses depend on the strength and flexibility of its fibers. Insoluble in water. Soluble with chemical degradation in sulfuric aicd, and in concentrated solutions of zinc chloride. Soluble in aqueous solutions of cupric ammonium hydroxide (Cu(NH3)4(OH)2).
反応プロフィール
Cellulose microcrystalline is combustible. Incompatible with strong oxidizing agents including bromine pentafluoride, sodium nitrate, fluorine, perchlorates, perchloric acid, sodium chlorate, magnesium perchlorate, F2, zinc permanganate, sodium nitrite, sodium nitrate, sodium peroxide. Nitration with a mixture of nitric and sulfuric acids produces Cellulose microcrystalline nitrates (celluloid pyroxylin, soluble pyroxyline, guncotton) which are flammable or explosive.
健康ハザード
Cellulose is inert and is classified
as a nuisance dust.
It has little, if any, adverse effect on the
lung, and there are no reports of organic
disease or toxic effect. The health effects
attributed to wood, cotton, flax, jute, and hemp
are not attributable to their cellulose content
but rather to the presence of other substances.
Cellulose fibers were found in the blood
and urine of human volunteers fed dyed cellulose;
there were no ill effects.
応用例（製薬）
Microcrystalline cellulose and carboxymethylcellulose sodium is
used to produce thixotropic gels suitable as suspending vehicles in
pharmaceutical and cosmetic formulations. The sodium carboxymethylcellulose
aids dispersion and serves as a protective colloid.
Concentrations of less than 1% solids produce fluid dispersions,
while concentrations of more than 1.2% solids produce thixotropic
gels. When properly dispersed, it imparts emulsion stability, opacity
and suspension in a variety of products, and is used in nasal sprays,
topical sprays and lotions, oral suspensions, emulsions, creams
and gels.
工業用途
Cellulose is the main constituent of the structureof plants (natural polymer) that, whenextracted, is employed for making paper,plastics, and in many combinations. Celluloseis made up of long-chain molecules inwhich the complex unit C6H10O5 is repeatedas many as 2000 times. It consists of glucose molecules with three hydroxyl groups foreach glucose unit.
One of the simplest forms of cellulose usedindustrially is regenerated cellulose, in whichthe chemical composition of the finished productis similar to that of the original cellulose. Itis made from wood or cotton pulp digested ina caustic solution. Cellophane is a regeneratedcellulose in thin sheets for wrapping and otherspecial uses include windings on wire andcable.
安全性プロファイル
A nuisance dust. When
heated to decomposition it emits acrid
smoke and irritating fumes.
安全性
Microcrystalline cellulose is widely used in oral pharmaceutical
formulations and food products and is generally regarded as a
relatively nontoxic and nonirritant material.
Microcrystalline cellulose is not absorbed systemically following
oral administration and thus has little toxic potential. Consumption
of large quantities of cellulose may have a laxative effect, although
this is unlikely to be a problem when cellulose is used as an excipient
in pharmaceutical formulations.
Deliberate abuse of formulations containing cellulose, either by
inhalation or by injection, has resulted in the formation of cellulose
granulomas.
貯蔵
Microcrystalline cellulose and carboxymethylcellulose sodium is
hygroscopic and should not be exposed to moisture. It is stable over
a pH range of 3.5–11. Store in a cool, dry place. Avoid exposure to
excessive heat.
不和合性
Microcrystalline cellulose is incompatible with strong oxidizing
agents.
規制状況(Regulatory Status)
Microcrystalline cellulose and carboxymethylcellulose sodium is a mixture of two materials both of which are generally regarded as nontoxic:
Microcrystalline cellulose GRAS listed. Accepted for use as a food additive in Europe. Included in the FDA Inactive Ingredients Database (inhalations; oral capsules, powders, suspensions, syrups, and tablets; topical and vaginal preparations). Included in nonparenteral medicines licensed in the UK. Included in the Canadian List of Acceptable Non-medicinal Ingredients.
Carboxymethylcellulose sodium GRAS listed. Accepted as a food additive in Europe. Included in the FDA Inactive Ingredients Database (dental preparations; intra-articular, intrabursal, intradermal, intralesional, and intrasynovial injections; oral drops, solutions, suspensions, syrups and tablets; topical preparations). Included in nonparenteral medicines licensed in the UK. Included in the Canadian List of Acceptable Nonmedicinal Ingredients.
セルロース（紙繊維） 上流と下流の製品情報
原材料
準備製品