四塩化炭素 化学特性,用途語,生産方法
外観
無色澄明の液体
溶解性
有機溶媒に易溶。水に難溶。エタノール及びジエチルエーテルに極めて溶けやすく、水に極めて溶けにくい。
解説
四塩化炭素，テトラクロロメタンともいう．二硫化炭素に適当な触媒の存在下で30 ℃ で塩素を作用させ，生成物を蒸留精製すると得られる．メタンを塩素化しても得られる．分子は四面体構造．特有の臭いをもつ無色の重い液体．融点－23 ℃，沸点76.7 ℃．密度1.63 g cm－3．n20D 1.4607．水に対する溶解度は0.08質量％(20 ℃)．エタノール，エーテル，ベンゼン，クロロホルム，石油エーテルとまざる．酸，塩基に対して安定である．五フッ化アンチモンなどを触媒としてフッ化水素を作用させるとフロンを生じる．ヨウ素，脂肪，タールなどの各種有機物を溶解する．引火性はない．溶剤，ドライクリーニング，殺虫剤，赤外吸収スペクトル測定用溶媒，キレート抽出用溶媒などに用いられる．
用途
水中の油分抽出用。過去には、消火剤、フロンガスなどの冷媒の原料、エアゾル用噴射剤、金属洗浄溶剤、殺虫剤、ワックス樹脂の製造、変圧器のスイッチ油、ホスゲン原料、農薬原料等の用途があった。現在は試験研究・分析用途等のエッセンシャルユースのみに限られている。
用途
油のための溶剤、油脂、ラッカー、ニス、ゴム、ワックス、樹脂、駆虫剤。かつてはドライクリーニング剤、消化剤、燻蒸剤としても使用されていた。
使用上の注意
本品はオゾン層破壊物質のため、使用後は大気中に放散させないように再利用あるいは分解処理をして下さい。(製品ラベルに表示)本品はオゾン層破壊物質であり、使用後は大気中に放散させないように再利用又は分解処理をして下さい。
性質
化学的に安定で，酸，塩基，濃硫酸などに作用しない。水にはほとんど溶けないが，エチルアルコール，エーテル，ベンゼンと混ざる。樹脂，タールなど有機物をよく溶解する。引火しない点が他の溶媒と異なる。有機化学反応の溶媒のほか，消火剤，ドライクリーニング用溶剤として使用されたが，オゾン層を破壊する物質に関するモントリオール議定書で製造，使用が禁止された。
説明
Carbon tetrachloride is a manufactured chemical and does not
occur naturally in the environment. It is produced by chlorination
of a variety of low molecular weight hydrocarbons such
as carbon disulfide, methane, ethane, propane, or ethylene
dichloride and also by thermal chlorination of methyl chloride.
Carbon tetrachloride is a precursor for chlorofluorocarbon
(CFC) gases that have been used as aerosol propellant. A
decrease in this use is occurring due to the agreement reached
in the Montreal Protocol for the reduction of environmental
concentrations of ozone-depleting chemicals, including carbon
tetrachloride.
化学的特性
Carbon tetrachloride, CC14, also known as tetrachloromethane, perchloro methane, and benzinoform, is a colorless liquid with a boiling point of 77 °C (170 OF). It is used as a solvent for lacquers, resin, and rubbers,and as a dry cleaning agent.
物理的性質
Carbon tetrachloride is a volatile colourless clear heavy liquid with a characteristic sweet non-irritant odour. The odour threshold in water is 0.52 mg/litre and in air is > 10 ppm. Carbon tetrachloride is miscible with most aliphatic solvents and it is a solvent for benzyl resins, bitumen, chlorinated rubber, rubber-based gums, oils and fats.The solubility in water is low. Carbon tetrachloride is non-flammable and is stable in the presence of air and light. Decomposition may produce phosgene, carbon dioxide and hydrochloric acid.
来歴
In the 1890s, commercial manufacturing processes were being investigated by the United Alkali Co. in England. At the same time it was also produced in Germany, exported to the United States, and retailed as a spotting agent under the trade name Carbona. Large-scale production of carbon tetrachloride in the United States commenced in the early 1900s. By 1914, annual production fell just short of 4500 metric tons and was used primarily for dry cleaning and for charging fire extinguishers. During World War I, U.S. production of carbon tetrachloride expanded greatly; its use was extended to grain fumigation and the rubber industry. In 1934 it was supplanted as the predominant dry-cleaning agent in the United States by perchloroethylene, which is much less toxic and more stable. During the years immediately preceding World War II, trichloroethylene began to displace carbon tetrachloride from its then extensive market in the United States as a metal degreasing solvent. Carbon tetrachloride is more difficult to recover from degreasing operations, more readily hydrolyzed, and more toxic than trichloroethylene C2HCl3. The demands of World War II stimulated production and marked the beginning of its use as the starting material for chlorofluoromethanes, by far the most important application for carbon tetrachloride.
使用
Carbon tetrachloride is used as a solvent, infire extinguishers, in dry cleaning, and in themanufacture of fluorocarbon propellents.As solvent for oils, fats, lacquers, varnishes, rubber waxes, resins; starting material in manufacture of organic Compounds. Pharmaceutic aid (solvent).
調製方法
Carbon tetrachloride is made by the reaction of carbon disulfide and chlorine in the presence of a catalyst, such as iron or antimony pentachloride:
CS
2 + 3Cl
2 → CCl
4 + S
2Cl
2
Sulfur chloride is removed by treatment with caustic soda solution. The product is purified by distillation.
Alternatively, CCl4 may be prepared by heating a mixture of chlorine and methane at 250 to 400°C.
CH
4 + 4Cl2 → CCl
4 + 4HCl
定義
ChEBI: A chlorocarbon that is methane in which all the hydrogens have been replaced by chloro groups.
製造
1839年クロロホルムと塩素を反応させて得られた。今日では五塩化アンチモンを触媒として二硫化炭素と塩素から製造する。
一般的な説明
Carbon tetrachloride appears as a clear colorless liquid with a characteristic odor. Denser than water (13.2 lb / gal) and insoluble in water. Noncombustible. May cause illness by inhalation, skin absorption and/or ingestion. Used as a solvent, in the manufacture of other chemicals, as an agricultural fumigant, and for many other uses.
空気と水の反応
Insoluble in water.
反応プロフィール
Carbon tetrachloride is a commonly used liquid in fire extinguishers to combat small fires. Carbon tetrachloride has no flash point, Carbon tetrachloride is not flammable. However, when heated to decomposition, Carbon tetrachloride will emit fumes of extremely toxic phosgene and of hydrogen chloride. Forms explosive mixtures with chlorine trifluoride, calcium hypochlorite, decaborane, dinitrogen tetraoxide, fluorine. Forms impact-sensitive explosive mixtures with particles of many metals: lithium, sodium, potassium, beryllium, zinc, aluminum, barium. Vigorous exothermic reaction with allyl alcohol, boron trifluoride, diborane, disilane, aluminum chloride, dibenzoyl peroxide, potassium tert-butoxide, liquid oxygen, zirconium. [Bretherick, 5th ed., 1995, p. 666]. Potentially dangerous reaction with dimethylformamide or dimethylacetamide in presence of iron [Cardillo, P. et al., Ann. Chim. (Rome), 1984, 74, p. 129].
危険性
Carbon tetrachloride is a poison and also a carcinogen. The acute toxicity of this compound in humans is of low order. However, the ingestion of the liquid can be fatal, death resulting from acute liver or kidney necrosis. (Patnaik, P. 1999. A Comprehensive Guide to the Hazardous Properties of Chemical Substances, 2nd ed. New York: John Wiley & Sons.) The acute poisoning effects are headache, dizziness, fatigue, stupor, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, and liver damage. Chronic exposure can damage both liver and kidney. Carbon tetrachloride also is a suspected human carcinogen. It causes liver and thyroid cancers in experimental animals.
燃焼性と爆発性
Carbon tetrachloride is noncombustible. Exposure to fire or high temperatures may
lead to formation of phosgene, a highly toxic gas.
工業用途
Carbon tetrachloride is a clear, heavy liquid with a strong, aromatic odor. Its formula is CC14. It is produced in large quantities for use in the manufacturing of refrigerants and propellants for aerosol cans. It is also used as a feedstock in the synthesis of chlorofluorocarbons and other chemicals, in petroleum refining, pharmaceutical manufacturing, and general solvent use. Until the mid- 1960s, it was also widely used as a cleaning fluid, both in industry, where it served as a degreasing agent, and in the home, where it was used as a spot remover and in fire extinguishers.
Carbon tetrachloride is a highly volatile liquid with a strong etherial odor similar to chloroform. It mixes sparingly with water and is not flammable. When heated to decomposition, it emits highly toxic fumes of phosgene and hydrogen chloride. There is strong evidence that the toxicity of carbon tetrachloride is dramatically increased by its interaction with alcohols, ketones, and a range of other chemicals.
Carbon tetrachloride is known to deplete the ozone layer, where it is responsible for 17% of the ozone-destroying chlorine now in the stratosphere due to human activities. Carbon tetrachloride has a half-life of between 30 and 100 years.Its DOT Label is Poison, and its UN number is 1846.
安全性プロファイル
Also forms explosive mixtures with chlorine trifluoride, calcium hypochlorite (heatsensitive), calcium dtsllicide (frictionand pressuresensitive), triethyldialuminum trichloride (heatsensitive), decaborane(l4) (impact-sensitive), dinitrogen tetraoxide. Violent or explosive reaction on contact with fluorine. Forms explosive mixtures with ethylene between 25' and 105' and between 30 and 80 bar. Potentially explosive reaction on contact with boranes. 9:l mixtures of methanol and cCl4 react exothermically with aluminum, magnesium, or zinc. Potentially dangerous reaction with dimethyl formamide, 1,2,3,4,5,6 hexachlorocyclohexane, or dtmethylacetamide when iron is present as a catalyst. CCh has caused explosions when used as a fire extingusher on wax and uranium fires. Incompatible with aluminum trichloride, dtbenzoyl peroxide, potassiumtert-butoxide. Vigorous exothermic reaction with allyl alcohol, Al(C2H5)3, (benzoyl peroxide + C2H4), BrF3, diborane, dsilane, liquid O2, Pu, (AgClO4 + HCl), potassiumtert-butoxide, tetraethylenepentamine, tetrasilane, trisilane, Zr. When heated to decomposition it emits toxic fumes of Cl and phosgene. It has been banned from household use by the FDA.
職業ばく露
Carbon tetrachloride, and organochlorine, is used as a solvent for oils, fats, lacquers, varnishes,
rubber, waxes, and resins. Fluorocarbons are chemically
synthesized from it. It is also used as an azeotropic drying
agent for spark plugs; a dry-cleaning agent; a fire extinguishing agent; a fumigant, and an anthelmintic agent. The
use of this solvent is widespread, and substitution of less
toxic solvents when technically possible is recommended.
発がん性
Carbon tetrachloride is reasonably anticipated to be a human carcinogen based on sufficient evidence of carcinogenicity from studies in experimental animals.
貯蔵
Carbon tetrachloride should be handled in the laboratory using the "basic prudent
practices".
輸送方法
UN1846 Carbon tetrachloride, Hazard Class:
6.1; Labels: 6.1-Poisonous materials.
不和合性
Oxidative decomposition on contact with
hot surfaces, flames, or welding arcs. Carbon tetrachloride
decomposes forming toxic phosgene fumes and hydrogen
chloride. Decomposes violently (producing heat) on contact
with chemically active metals, such as aluminum, barium,
magnesium, potassium, sodium, fluorine gas, allyl alcohol,
and other substances, causing fire and explosion hazard.
Attacks copper, lead, and zinc. Attacks some coatings, plastics, and rubber. Becomes corrosive when in contact with
water; corrosive to metals in the presence of moisture.
廃棄物の処理
Incineration, preferably after
mixing with another combustible fuel; care must be exercised to assure complete combustion to prevent the formation of phosgene; an acid scrubber is necessary to remove
the halo acids produced. Recover and purify by distillation where possible.
四塩化炭素 上流と下流の製品情報
原材料
準備製品
4-フェニル-3,4-ジブロモ-2-ブタノン
2-ニトロフェニルスルフェニルクロリド
2,5-ジクロロベンゾイルクロリド
DIMETHYL 4-CHLOROPYRIDINE-2,6-DICARBOXYLATE
2,4-ジクロロベンゾトリフルオリド
2,6-ジブロモピリジン-3-アミン
1-(4-ブロモチオフェン-2-イル)エタノン
1-ブロモ-2,4-ジフルオロベンゼン
N-Chloromethyl-N-phenylaminoformyl chloride
2-アミノ-4-フェニルチアゾール-5-カルボン酸エチル
2-クロロメチルピリジン
塩素化ゴム
4-(ブロモメチル)-3-メトキシ安息香酸メチル
四よう化炭素
ジアセトンアクリルアミド
2,3-ジクロロ-5,6-ジシアノ-1,4-ベンゾキノン
2,5-ジメチルチオフェン
2-(ブロモメチル)ピリジン臭化水素酸塩
6-BROMOMETHYL-2-PYRIDINECARBOXYLIC ACID
9,10-ジブロモアントラセン
2,3-ジブロモプロパナール
硫酸アトロピン一水和物
2-カルバモイルピリジン-3-カルボン酸
3-ブロモニトロベンゼン
2,3-ジブロモ-1-プロパノール
2-(ブロモアセチル)チオフェン
4-ブロモ-2,6-ジクロロフェノール
ブロモトリクロロメタン
1,2,3,4-Tetrachloro-5,6-Dimethylbenzylene
4-(メチルスルホニル)ベンジルブロミド
N,N-ジメチルチオカルバモイル クロリド
5-ブロモ-2-(メチルチオ)ピリミジン 臭化物
サリチルアニリド
α,α-ジクロロジフェニルメタン
4-アミノ-5-ヨード-2(1H)-ピリミジノン
イミダゾ[1,2-A]ピリジン-2-カルボン酸エチルエステル
安息香酸ブチル
2-ニトロベンジルブロミド
5-ブロモ-2-(メチルスルホニル)ピリミジン
クロトン酸 メチル