ゼオライト 化学特性,用途語,生産方法
外観
灰白色又はうすい褐色, 球状
定義
本品は、含水ケイ酸アルミニウムナトリウムである。
溶解性
水及び有機溶媒にほとんど溶けない。
解説
ゼオライト，沸石のことであるが、ゼオライトというときは天然に産する沸石類だけではなく、人工的に合成したいわゆる人造沸石をも含めていう場合が多い。
沸石類は本来その特性からイオン交換体としての用途が注目され、1907年にドイツで初めて合成品もつくられ、合成ゼオライト（商品名パームチット）として市販され、主としてイオン交換体として用いられていた。しかしのちにはむしろ骨格構造の空孔(くうこう)の大きさを種々変えることにより、大きさに応じた分子を選択的に吸着する吸着剤として用いることの有用性が注目されるようになった。この種のゼオライトは「モレキュラーシーブ（分子ふるい）」とよばれ、たとえば、ゼオライトA（アメリカのリンデ社からリンデシーブ4Aとして市販）はNa12[Al12Si12O48]・NaAlO2・29H2Oで、0.4ナノメートルの空孔をもち、N2,O2,CH4,H2O,NH3などの分子を選択的に中に取り込む。ゼオライトAのカルシウム塩であるゼオライト5AはCa4Na4[Al12Si12O48]で、0.5ナノメートルの空孔があり、C14までのn‐パラフィン、n‐オレフィン、n‐アルコールを吸着するが、側鎖のある有機分子は吸着しない。このほかテトラメチルアンモニウム塩としたゼオライトNA Na4｛(CH3)4N｝3[Al7Si17O48]・21H2Oなどもあり、いろいろな大きさの空孔のものがつくられ、現在では工業的な規模で広く用いられてきている。また不均一系触媒反応に用いられる金属あるいは金属錯体の担体としても用いられる。
用途
気体?液体の脱水?精製および分離,触媒,イオン交換剤,合成洗剤用ビルダー,食品添加物,化粧品添加剤 (NITE CHRIP)
化粧品の成分用途
吸着剤、消臭剤
主な用途／役割
無機系抗菌剤
使用上の注意
再生は約300℃で2時間行い、600℃以上にしないこと。また、再生時は、多量の吸着物(水、ガス等)を放出するので、乾燥した空気等を流しながら行う。合成ゼオライト(ゼオラム)を工業的に利用する際は各社から出ている用途特許がありますので工業所有権にご注意下さい。
天然物の起源
Aluminosilicates are obtained directly from the aluminosilicate rocks or as synthetic materials. These oxides have the general formula: mAl2O3 . nSiO, e.g., andalusite, sillimanite, disthene, kaolinite, topaz, and mullite. Natural aluminosilicate powders used in investment casting are supplied with various Al2O3 content, such as 42–47% (e.g., Molochite) and 60% (e.g., Remasil, Mulgrain), and with gradation in the range of 325# 120#. The higher the content of Al2O3 in the powder, the higher its resistance to temperature. Most common contaminants in aluminosilicate powder are: Fe2O3, TiO2, and ZrO2, while the content of CaO, MgO, K2O, P2O5, and Cr2O3 is very small. An important advantage of aluminosilicate powders is their availability and low price of about 0.5 €/kg.
Mullite 3Al2O3 . 2SiO2 is a mineral that is rarely found in nature (known deposits on the Isle of Mull, Scotland). For industrial purposes, synthetic mullite is used almost exclusively (sintered or melted) with particle sizes up to: 0.07, 0.12, 0.25–0.5, 0.5–1.0 mm and of white color. The raw material is milled and fractionated for a suitable grain size matrix of the ceramic powders and stucco. The melting point of mullite is 1810 ℃ and density is 3.05 g/cm3, which does not depend on the temperature. It is characterized by high resistance to creep and thermal shock due to a low coefficient of thermal expansion and a low thermal conductivity. Synthetic mullite is characterized by a high chemical purity—total content of impurities does not exceed 0.5 wt%. The price is high (about 2.5 V/kg), thus it is used for ceramic molds for casting turbine blades with a DS or SC microstructure.
使用
Zeolite is used in formation of Silicates.
製造方法
Zeolite family is a well-known class of alkali aluminosilicates found in nature that
has been used as ion exchange minerals in water softening.They are hydrated systems and
give up part of their water molecules quite readily at modest temperatures but reabsorb the
moisture when exposed to moist air. A similar alkali aluminosilicate is prepared artificially
and has the empirical composition 2M2O·Al203·3SiO2·3H20; these compositions are
called "permutites" and are usually prepared with sodium as the alkali metal by adding
aluminum sulphate to soluble silicate solutions or by combining sodium aluminate with
sodium silicate. In the presence of calcium, iron and other cations, the sodium ion is displaced
by the heavier metal ions and the permutites can thus be used to remove these metal
ions from solution—for example, to remove hardness from hard water, or to "soften"
water. The permutite or artificial zeolite can be regenerated by treating with strong sodium
chloride solution, thus replacing the calcium or iron by sodium. More recently, the use of
synthetic zeolites as "molecular sieves" has become quite important in the separation
of organic compounds or as catalysts in petroleum refining. In these alkali aluminosilicates,
the pore size is determined by the alkali metal cation used.
定義
A natural hydrated silicate of aluminum and either sodium or calcium or both, of the type Na2O?Al2O3?xSiO2?xH2O. Both natural and artificial zeolites are used extensively for water softening, as detergent builders, and cracking catalysts. For the former purpose the sodium or potassium compounds are required, since their usefulness depends on the cationic exchange of the sodium of the zeolite for the calcium or magnesium of hard water. When the zeolite has become saturated with calcium or magnesium ion it is flooded with strong salt solution, a reverse exchange of cations takes place and the material is regenerated. The natural zeolites are analcite, chabazite, heulandite, natrolite, stilbite, and thomsonite. Synthetic zeolites are made either by a gel process (sodium silicate and alumina) or by a clay process (kaolin), which forms a matrix to which the zeolite is added. These processes are quite complex, involving substitution of various rare-earth oxides. The effectiveness of zeolites depends on their pore size, which may be as small as 4–5 A? . Other applications of zeolites are as adsorbents, desiccants, and in solar collectors, where they function as both heating and cooling agent.
一般的な説明
Aluminosilicate, mesostructured (Al-MSU) is an analog of hexagonal MCM-41 that can be assembled by zeolite seeds. It is hydrothermally stable and strongly acidic, which makes it useful in catalysis and adsorption technology.
农业用途
Zeolite is a generic term used for any of the large group of
minerals, comprising hydrated aluminosilicates of Na,
K, Ca and Ba. These can readily be dehydrated and rehydrated,
and find application as molecular sieves and
cation exchangers.
Natural zeolites are analcite, chabazite, heulandite,
natrolite, stilbite and thomsonite. Artificial zeolites are
made in many forms (ranging from gelatinous, to porous,
to sand like varieties) and are used as gas absorbents,
drying agents, catalysts and water softeners. Zeolites
include a diverse group of compounds of sulphonated
organic or basic resins.
Zeolites are low-temperature and low-pressure
minerals occurring commonly in basalts, denitrification
products and as alteration products of feldspars and
nepheline.
Zeolites are also present in volcanic ash clay
minerals. When applied to land or similar fields, they
have a strong capacity for holding ammonium ions which
reduce the leaching of the nitrate ions.
Zeolites are called molecular sieves because of their
use in separating mixtures by selective absorption. They
are also used in sorption pumps for vacuum systems
(e.g., In permutil), ion exchange systems (for water
softening) and as catalysts.
ゼオライト 上流と下流の製品情報
原材料
準備製品