臭素 化学特性,用途語,生産方法
外観
無色澄明の液体
溶解性
水及びエタノール、アセトン等の有機溶媒と任意の割合で混和する。
解説
化学式はBr。原子番号35，原子量79.901〜79.907。融点−7.2℃，沸点58.78℃。ハロゲン元素の一つ。1826年バラールが発見。常温で赤褐色，不快な刺激臭ある重い液体。化学作用は激しく常温でも金を侵す。皮膚を冒し，目の粘膜を刺激する。酸化剤，臭素化剤，殺菌剤として利用され，化合物には医薬品が多い。また二臭化エチレンとしてスキャベンジャー（ガソリンエンジン内の堆積物除去のためのガソリン添加剤），臭化銀として感光剤の用途が大。天然には単体として存在せず，カーナライトに約0.2％伴い，海水1kg中にBr(-/)として0.067g含まれる。工業的には海水，鹹(かん)水などに塩素を吹き込んでから分留してとり出す。
株式会社平凡社 百科事典マイペディアについて 情報
用途
酸化剤、合成原料。
用途
容量分析用標準液。
用途
分析における酸化剤、有機・無機合成用。
用途
分析における酸化剤及び付加剤(硫黄、りん化合物、有機不飽和化合物等)。
用途
農薬(土壌及び植物のくん蒸剤,メチルブロマイド,その他臭素配合剤)プラスチック(テレビ?電卓などの家庭電器類器具)化学合成繊維の難燃剤及び工業薬品(臭化物)
農薬用途
殺虫剤
化学的特性
Butane, CH3(CH2)2CH3, also known as n-butane and methyl-ethyl methane,is a colorless gas that occurs in natural gas and is obtained by cracking petroleum. It is used as a refrigerant and as a fuel.
物理的性質
Bromine is a thick, dark-red liquid with a high density. It is the only nonmetallic elementthat is a liquid at normal room temperatures. (The other element that is liquid at room temperaturesis the metal mercury.) Bromine’s density is 3.12g/cm
3, which is three times the density ofwater. Its vapor is much denser than air, and when it is poured into a beaker, the fumes hug thebottom of the container. Bromine’s melting point is –72°C, and its boiling point is 58.8°C.
同位体
There are a total of 40 isotopes of bromine. Of these, only two are stable: Br-79constitutes 50.69% of the stable bromine found on Earth, and Br-81 makes up 49.31%of the naturally occurring abundance. All the other isotopes of bromine are radioactivewith half-lives ranging from 1.2 nanoseconds to 16.2 hours.
名前の由来
Named for the Greek word bromos, which means “stench.”
天然物の起源
Bromine is the 62nd most abundant element found on Earth. Although it is not founduncombined in nature, it is widely distributed over the Earth in low concentrations. It isfound in seawater at a concentration of 65 ppm. This concentration is too low for the bromineto be extracted directly, so the salt water must be concentrated, along with chlorine and othersalts, by solar evaporation, distillation, or both.
Most of the commercial bromine that is recovered comes from underground salt minesand deep brine wells. A major source is the deep brine wells found in the state of Arkansas and Great Salt Lake of Utah in the United States. This brine contains about one-half percentbromine. Chlorine gas is added to hot brine that oxidizes the bromine ions in solution, whichis then collected as elemental bromine. It is also commercially produced, along with potash,from evaporation of the high-salt-content water of the Dead Sea, which is 1290 feet below sealevel and is located on the borders of the Middle Eastern countries of Israel and Jordan.
特性
Bromine is a very reactive nonmetallic element, located between chlorine and iodine in theperiodic table. Bromine gas fumes are very irritating and toxic and will cause severe burns ifspilled on the skin.
Bromine is soluble in most organic solvents and only slightly soluble in H2O. Liquid brominewill attack most metals, even platinum.
使用
manufacture of organic and inorganic chemicals, such as fuel additives, fire retardants, pesticides, oil well drilling fluids, pharmaceuticals, dyestuffs. In water disinfection; as bleaching agent, surface disinfectant.
定義
Nonmetallic halogen element of atomic number 35,
group VIIA of the periodic table.
Valences 1, 3, 5 (valence of 7 also reported). There
are two stable isotopes.
一般的な説明
A reddish-brown aqueous solution. The solubility of bromine in water equals 0.33 mg/ mL.
空気と水の反応
Slightly soluble in water.
反応プロフィール
BROMINE SOLUTION is an oxidizing agent. Bromine disproportionates rapidly in basic water to give bromide ion and bromate ion. The latter is also an oxidizing agent. Dissolution lowers reactivity compared to pure bromine. Reacts with reducing reagents. Reacts with hydrogen, diethylzinc, dimethylformamide, ammonia, trimethylamine, nitromethane, metal azides (silver or sodium azide). Can react with Mg, Sr, B, Al, Hg, Ti, Sn, Sb in powder or sheet form, to form bromides. Can react with methanol, ethanol, aldehydes, ketones, carboxylic acids, diethyl ether, carbonyl compounds, tetrahydrofuran, acrylonitrile, ozone, phosphorus, natural rubber. Reactions with red phosphorus, metal azides, nitromethane, silane and its homologues may be vigorous.[Bretherick, 5th ed., 1995, p. 109].
危険性
Toxic by ingestion and inhalation, severe
skin irritant. Strong oxidizing agent, may ignite
combustible materials on contact. Upper and lower
respiratory tract irritant, and lung damage.
健康ハザード
TOXIC; inhalation, ingestion or skin contact with material may cause severe injury or death. Contact with molten substance may cause severe burns to skin and eyes. Avoid any skin contact. Effects of contact or inhalation may be delayed. Fire may produce irritating, corrosive and/or toxic gases. Runoff from fire control or dilution water may be corrosive and/or toxic and cause pollution.
火災危険
Non-combustible, substance itself does not burn but may decompose upon heating to produce corrosive and/or toxic fumes. Some are oxidizers and may ignite combustibles (wood, paper, oil, clothing, etc.). Contact with metals may evolve flammable hydrogen gas. Containers may explode when heated.
燃焼性と爆発性
Bromine alone is a noncombustible substance (NFPA rating = 0).
職業ばく露
Bromine is primarily used in the manufacture
of gasoline antiknock compounds (1,2-dibromoethane).
Other uses are for gold extraction; in brominating
hydrocarbons; in bleaching fibers and silk; in the manufacture
of military gas, dyestuffs; and as an oxidizing agent. It is used
in the manufacture of many pharmaceuticals and pesticides.
貯蔵
work with bromine should be conducted in a
fume hood to prevent exposure by inhalation, and splash goggles and rubber gloves
should be worn at all times when handling this corrosive substance. Containers of
bromine should be stored at room temperature in a secondary container separately
from readily oxidizable substances.
輸送方法
Bromine UN1744 Hazard class: 8; Labels: 8—
Corrosive material; 6.1—Poison Inhalation Hazard,
Inhalation Hazard Zone A. Bromine solutions, Hazard
class: 8; Labels: 8—Corrosives materials; 6.1—Poison
Inhalation Hazard, Inhalation Hazard Zone A; Bromine
solutions, Hazard class: 8 Labels: 8—Corrosive material;
6.1—Poison Inhalation Hazard, Inhalation Hazard Zone B.
純化方法
Reflux the brown liquid with solid KBr and distil, then dry the distillate by shaking it with an equal volume of conc H2SO4, then redistil it. The H2SO4 treatment can be replaced by direct distillation from BaO or P2O5 A more extensive purification [Hildenbrand et al. J Am Chem Soc 80 4129 1958] is to reflux about 1L of bromine for 1hour with a mixture of 16g of CrO3 in 200mL of conc H2SO4 (to remove organic material). The bromine is distilled into a clean, dry, glass-stoppered bottle, and chlorine is removed by dissolving ca 25g of freshly fused CsBr in 500mL of the bromine and standing overnight. To remove HBr and water, the bromine is then distilled back and forth through a train containing alternate tubes of MgO and P2O5. [Schmeisser in Handbook of Preparative Inorganic Chemistry (Ed. Brauer) Academic Press Vol I p 275 1963.] HIGHLY TOXIC.
不和合性
A powerful oxidizer. May cause fire and
explosions in contact with organic or other readily oxidizable
materials. Contact with aqueous ammonia, acetaldehyde,
acetylene, acrylonitrile, or with metals, may cause violent
reactions. Anhydrous Br2 reacts with aluminum, titanium,
mercury, potassium; wet Br2 with other metals. Also incompatible
with alcohols, antimony, alkali hydroxides, arsenites,
boron, calcium nitrite, cesium monoxide, carbonyls,
dimethyl formamide, ethyl phosphine, fluorine, ferrous and
mercurous salts; germanium, hypophosphites, iron carbide,
isobutyronphenone, magnesium phosphide, methanol, nickel
carbonyl, olefins, ozone, sodium and many other substances.
Attacks some coatings, and some forms of plastic and rubber.
Corrodes iron, steel, stainless steel; and copper.
廃棄物の処理
Large volumes of concentrated
solutions of reducing agents (bisulfites or ferrous
salts) may be added. The mixture is neutralized with
soda ash or dilute HCl and flushed to the sewer with large
volumes of water.
臭素 上流と下流の製品情報
原材料
準備製品
テトラブロモエタン
2-アミノ-5-ブロモ-4-メチルピリジン
ピリジニウムブロミドペルブロミド
ペンタブロモジフェニルエーテル
臭化マグネシウム六水和物
3,5-ジブロモ-1H-1,2,4-トリアゾール
2,4-ジブロモ-6-メチルアニリン
2-ニトロベンジル アルコール
マンガン(II)ジブロミド
イソキノリン-4-カルバルデヒド
4-ビニルベンゼンスルホン酸ナトリウム
5-ブロモシトシン
臭素化ポリスチレン
6-ブロモ-1,4-ベンゾジオキサン
4-ブロモ-N,N-ジメチルアニリン
2-ブロモ-1-インダノン 臭化物
3-(ブロモアセチル)ピリジン臭素酸塩 臭化物
Uniconazole wettable powder
2-ヒドロキシ-3-メトキシ-5-ブロモベンズアルデヒド
4-AMINO-5-BROMO-2-PYRIMIDINOL
2-ブロモプロピオニル ブロミド
5-ブロモ-4,6-ジヒドロキシピリミジン
3,5-ジブロモサリチル酸
3-フルオロ-4-メトキシ安息香酸
rac-(R*)-2,3-ジブロモプロピオノニトリル
1,1,3,3-テトラブロモアセトン
2-ブロモ-2'-ヒドロキシアセトフェノン 臭化物
2-アミノ-3-ブロモ-5-ニトロピリジン 臭化物
3-ブロモ-1-ベンゾフラン
1,2,3,4-テトラブロモブタン
2-ブロモ酪酸
2,4,6-トリブロモアニソール
2,2-ビス[3,5-ジブロモ-4-(2,3-ジブロモプロポキシ)フェニル]プロパン
3-(トリフルオロメチル)フェナシルブロミド
2,4,6-トリブロモ-3-ヒドロキシ安息香酸
2-ブロモ-n-オクタン酸
(+)-3-ブロモカンファー
4-ブロモ-1H-ピラゾール-3-カルボン酸
3-アミノ-4-ブロモピラゾール
Bromo hydrazine