1,1,2,2-テトラクロロエタン 化学特性,用途語,生産方法
外観
無色～ほとんど無色, 澄明の液体
溶解性
水に微溶 (0.32g/100ml水, 25℃), アルコール, エーテル等各種有機溶剤と混和。エタノール及びジエチルエーテルに極めて溶けやすく、水に溶けにくい。
解説
C2H2Cl4(167.86)．【Ⅰ】sym-あるいは1,1,2,2-テトラクロロエタンCHCl2CHCl2は，アセチレンと塩素を触媒の存在下に反応させると得られる．クロロホルム様の臭気をもつ液体．融点－36 ℃，沸点146.2 ℃．d254 1.5881．n15D 1.49678．不燃性で，油脂，ろう，ゴムなどの溶剤および抽出剤として用いられる．蒸気は麻酔作用をもつ．【Ⅱ】unsym-または1,1,1,2-テトラクロロエタンCH2ClCCl3は，塩化ビニリデンに塩素を付加させると得られる．融点－68 ℃，沸点129 ℃．d204 1.553．n20D1.4821．森北出版「化学辞典（第2版）
用途
溶剤、(油脂ゴム等の)抽出剤
用途
本物質は揮発性の合成化学物質であり、他の塩素化炭化水素合成の中間体として使用される。
説明
1,1,2,2-Tetrachloroethane (tetrachloroethane) is a volatile,
synthetic, colorless to pale-yellow dense liquid with
a pungent, chloroform-like odor that is soluble in water and
most organic solvents. There are no known natural sources
of tetrachloroethane. Tetrachloroethane is a chemical
intermediate in the production of a variety of other
common chemicals. In the past, the major use for tetrachloroethane
was in the production of trichloroethylene,
tetrachloroethylene, and 1,2-dichloroethylene. With the
development of new processes for manufacturing chlorinated
ethylenes and the availability of less-toxic solvents,
the production of tetrachloroethane as a commercial endproduct
in the United States and Canada has steadily
declined since the late 1960s and the production ceased by
the early 1990s. Although at one time it was used as an
insecticide, fumigant, and weed killer, it presently is not
registered for any of these purposes. Its registration as an
insect repellent was canceled by the Environmental Protection
Agency (EPA) in the late 1970s.
化学的特性
colourless to light yellow liquid with a chloroform-like
物理的性質
Colorless to pale yellow liquid with a sweet, chloroform-like odor. A detection odor threshold
concentration of 50 mg/m
3 (7.3 ppm
v) was experimentally determined by Dravnieks (1974).
使用
1,1,2,2-Tetrachloroethane, once used as a solvent for cleaning
and extraction processes, is still used to some extent as a
chemical intermediate. Present usage is quite limited because
less toxic solvents are available.
定義
ChEBI: A member of the class of chloroethanes that is ethane substituted by chloro groups at positions 1, 1, 2 and 2.
一般的な説明
Colorless to pale yellow liquid with a sweet odor. Sinks in water.
空気と水の反応
Insoluble in water.
反応プロフィール
1,1,2,2-Tetrachloroethane may be incompatible with strong oxidizing and reducing agents. Also may be incompatible with many amines, nitrides, azo/diazo compounds, alkali metals, and epoxides. Decomposed by heat and UV light, forming phosgene and HCl; reacts violently with finely dispersed metals [Handling Chemicals Safely 1980. p. 886].
危険性
Toxic by ingestion, inhalation, skin absorption.
Questionable carcinogen.
健康ハザード
Compound is a powerful narcotic and liver poison; may also cause changes in blood composition and neurological disturbances. Repeated exposure by inhalation can be fatal. Ingestion causes vomiting, diarrhea, severe mucosal injury, liver necrosis, cyanosis, unconsciousness, loss of reflexes, and death. Contact with eyes causes irritation and lachrymation. Can be absorbed through the skin and may produce severe skin lesions.
火災危険
Special Hazards of Combustion Products: Irritating hydrogen chloride vapor may form in fire.
職業ばく露
Tetrachloroethane is used as an intermediate in the trichloroethylene production from acetylene and as a solvent; as a dry cleaning agent; as a fumigant; in cement; and in lacquers. It is used in the manufacture of artificial silk, artificial leather, and artificial pearls. Recently, its use as a solvent has declined due to replacement by less toxic compounds. It is also used in the estimation of water content in tobacco and many drugs, and as a solvent for chromium chloride impregnation of furs.
発がん性
The EPA has classified this
material as “likely to be carcinogenic to humans” based on data from an oral cancer bioassay in male and female
Osborne–Mendel rats and B6C3F1 mice. In mice, a
significant increase in the incidence of hepatoceullar carcinomas
in both genders was observed. Male Osborne–Mendel
rats showed increased incidence of hepatocellular carcinomas,
which is a rare tumor in this strain.
The National Cancer Institute has included 1,1,2,2-
tetrachloroethane in their bioassay series using rats and mice.
Their summary states that the time-weighted average doses
(by gavage) were 108 and 62 mg/kg/day for male rats, 76 and
43 mg/kg/day for female rats, and 282 and 142 mg/kg/day for
all mice. There was a highly significant positive dose-related
trend in the incidence of hepatocellular carcinoma in mice of
both sexes. No statistically significant incidence of neoplastic
lesions was observed in male or female rats. However, two
hepatocellular carcinomas and one neoplastic nodule, which
are rare tumors in the male Osborne–Mendel rat, were
observed in high-dose males. Under the conditions of this
bioassay, orally administered 1,1,2,2-tetrachloroethane was
a liver carcinogen in B6C3Fl mice of both sexes.
The proposed metabolic pathway involves the production
of dichloroacetic acid, which was identified as the
major urinary metabolite in treated mice. Other pathways
involve formation of trichloroethylene via dehydrochlorination
or tetrachloroethylene via oxidation. Free radicals may
also be formed.
From the NCI study, a oral slope factor (OSF) of 0.2
per mg/kg/day was developed by the EPA. No inhalation unit
risk (IUR) was determined by the EPA because of absence of
data from inhalation exposure.
輸送方法
UN1702 Tetrachloroethane or 1,1,2,2Tetrachloroe thane, Hazard Class: 6.1; Labels: 6.1Poisonous materials.
純化方法
Stir the ethane, on a steam-bath, with conc H2SO4 until a fresh portion of acid remains colourless. The organic phase is then separated, distilled in steam, dried (CaCl2 or K2CO3), and fractionally distilled in a vacuum. [Beilstein 1 IV 144.]
不和合性
Violent reaction with chemically active metals; strong caustics; strong acids; especially fuming sulfuric acid. Degrades slowly when exposed to air. Attacks plastic and rubber.
廃棄物の処理
Consult with environmental regulatory agencies for guidance on acceptable disposal practices. Generators of waste containing this contaminant (≥100 kg/mo) must conform with EPA regulations governing storage, transportation, treatment, and waste disposal. Incineration, preferably after mixing with another combustible fuel. Care must be exercised to assure complete combustion to prevent the formation of phosgene. An acid scrubber is necessary to remove the halo acids produced.
1,1,2,2-テトラクロロエタン 上流と下流の製品情報
原材料
準備製品