ROS/NLRP3 inflammasome TGF-β/smad2
The size and migration of fibroblasts are increased after Trimethylamine N-oxide (TMAO) treatment compared with non-treated fibroblasts in vitro. Trimethylamine N-oxide increases TGF-β receptor I expression, which promotes the phosphorylation of Smad2 and up-regulates the expression of α-SMA and collagen I. The ubiquitination of TGF-βRI is decreased in neonatal mouse fibroblasts after Trimethylamine N-oxide treatment. Trimethylamine N-oxide also inhibits the expression of smurf2. Trimethylamine N-oxide is frequently found in the tissues of a variety of marine organisms that protects against the adverse effects of temperature, salinity, high urea and hydrostatic pressure.
Trimethylamine N-oxide (TMAO) contributes to cardiovascular diseases by promoting inflammatory responses. C57BL/6 mice are fed a normal diet, high-choline diet and/or 3-dimethyl-1-butanol (DMB) diet. The levels of Trimethylamine N-oxide and choline are increased in choline-fed mice. Left ventricular hypertrophy, pulmonary congestion, and diastolic dysfunction are markedly exacerbated in heart failure with preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF) mice fed high-choline diets compared with mice fed the control diet. Myocardial fibrosis and inflammation were markedly increased in HFpEF mice fed high-choline diets compared with animals fed the control diet.
将100ml三甲胺水溶液与600ml过氧化氢溶液相混合，在室温放置24h后，如果还有胺的气味，就再加100～200ml的过氧化氢溶液，当所有胺均被氧化后，在减压下蒸发至干。残余物用乙醇-乙醚混合物重结晶。得二水合氧化三甲胺，为长针状晶体，产率95%。
在油浴中减压至1.33～1.6kpa并加热到120℃，慢慢地升温至150℃，当水分被驱除后，升温至180℃～200℃，纯的无水氧化三甲胺即升华在瓶子较冷的颈部。
另一种脱水法：将45.0g二水合氧化三甲胺溶于300ml热DMF中，盛于圆底烧瓶中进行蒸馏。先在常压下加热以蒸去溶剂，直到沸点达到152～153℃。然后用水泵减压以除去残留的溶剂。蒸馏的末了将油浴的温度慢慢地升至120℃。剩下的无水氧化三甲胺重30g.