Kalium-(E,E)-hexa-2,4-dienoat Chemische Eigenschaften,Einsatz,Produktion Methoden
R-Sätze Betriebsanweisung:
R36/37/38:Reizt die Augen, die Atmungsorgane und die Haut.
R35:Verursacht schwere Verätzungen.
R22:Gesundheitsschädlich beim Verschlucken.
S-Sätze Betriebsanweisung:
S26:Bei Berührung mit den Augen sofort gründlich mit Wasser abspülen und Arzt konsultieren.
S36:DE: Bei der Arbeit geeignete Schutzkleidung tragen.
S45:Bei Unfall oder Unwohlsein sofort Arzt zuziehen (wenn möglich, dieses Etikett vorzeigen).
S36/37/39:Bei der Arbeit geeignete Schutzkleidung,Schutzhandschuhe und Schutzbrille/Gesichtsschutz tragen.
Beschreibung
Potassium sorbate is a white crystalline powder. It is a potassium salt of sorbic acid.It was originally discovered in the 1850’s, and was derived from the Mountain Ash Tree. Today, potassium sorbate is synthetically created.Potassium sorbate is a good food preservatives, fully degradable, similar to fatty acids found naturally in foods. It is used to slow the growth of molds and yeasts in foods. It is commonly found in margarine, wines, cheeses, yogurts, soft drinks, and baked goods. Potassium sorbate has been used has a food preservative for many years. There have been extensive long-term tests that have confirmed its safety and it is on the Center for Science in the Public Interest list of safe additives.
Chemische Eigenschaften
Potassium sorbate occurs as a white crystalline powder with a faint,
characteristic odor.
Physikalische Eigenschaften
Colorless or white crystalline solid; density 1.36 g/cm
3; decomposes at 270°C; soluble in water, 58 g/100 g solution; moderately soluble in alcohol.
Verwenden
Sorbic acid and its potassium salt is commonly employed as food preservative in wide range of foodstuffs, such as cheese, pickles, sauces and wines.
Potassium sorbate is a food grade preservative generally regarded as safe (GRAS) worldwide. It is the inactive salt of sorbic acid. It readily dissolves in water where it converts to sorbic acid, its active form, at a low pH. Sorbic acid is very pH dependent. While it shows some activity up to pH 6 (about 6%), it is most active at pH 4.4 (70%). At pH 5.0 it is 37% active. As sorbic acid, it is considered to be active against mold, fair against yeast and poor against most bacteria. Sorbic acid is an unsaturated fatty acid and as such is subject to oxidation (use of an antioxidant like Mixed Tocopherols T50 is recommended). It is also sensitive to UV light and may turn yellow in solution. Gluconolactone is reported to stabilize potassium sorbate against discoloration and darkening in aqueous solutions and may be useful in stabilizing sorbic acid in the water phase of a product.
Definition
ChEBI: A potassium salt having sorbate as the counterion.
synthetische
Potassium sorbate is prepared by reacting potassium hydroxide with sorbic acid, followed by evaporation and crystallization:CH
3CH=CHCH=CHCOOH + KOH →CH
3CH=CHCH=CHCOOK + H
2O.
Vorbereitung Methode
Potassium sorbate is prepared from sorbic acid and potassium
hydroxide.
Allgemeine Beschreibung
Sorbates have been reported to be less toxic than benzoate and have been classified as “Generally Recognized as Safe” (GRAS) additives by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA).Sorbic acid is metabolised to mainly to carbon dioxide. While the minor amounts are converted to
trans,
trans-muconic acid (ttMA), which is excreted unchanged into the urine. Urinary ttMA is a biomarker for the occupational and environmental exposure to benzene. Ability of
trans,trans-2,4-Hexadienoic acid potassium salt (Sorbic acid potassium salt, Potassium sorbate) to induce chromosome aberrations, sister chromatid exchanges (SCE) and gene mutations in cultured Chinese hamster V79 cells has been examined.Potassium sorbate is reported to be less genotoxic than the sodium salt analog.
Pharmazeutische Anwendungen
Potassium sorbate is an antimicrobial preservative, with antibacterial
and antifungal properties used in pharmaceuticals, foods, enteral
preparations, and cosmetics. Generally, it is used at concentrations
of 0.1–0.2% in oral and topical formulations, especially those
containing nonionic surfactants. Potassium sorbate has been used to
enhance the ocular bioavailability of timolol.
Potassium sorbate is used in approximately twice as many
pharmaceutical formulations as is sorbic acid owing to its greater solubility and stability in water. Like sorbic acid, potassium sorbate
has minimal antibacterial properties in formulations above pH 6.
Toxikologie
Potassium sorbate is a skin, eye and respiratory irritant. Although some research implies it has a long term safety record, in vitro studies have shown that it is both genotoxic and mutagenic to human blood cells. Potassium sorbate is found to be toxic to human DNA in peripheral blood lymphocytes (type of white blood cells), and hence found that it negatively affects immunity. It is often used with ascorbic acid and iron salts as they increase its effectiveness but this tends to form mutagenic compounds that damage DNA molecules.
Potassium sorbate exhibits low toxicity with LD
50 (rat, oral) of 4.92 g / kg, similar to that of table salt . Typical usage rates of potassium sorbate are 0.025 % to 0.1 % (see sorbic acid), which in a 100 g serving yields intake of 25 mg to 100 mg. Acceptable daily intakes for human is 12.5 mg / kg, or 875 mg daily for an average adult (70 kg), according to FAO/World Health Organization Expert Committee on Food Additives.
Sicherheit(Safety)
Potassium sorbate is used as an antimicrobial preservative in oral
and topical pharmaceutical formulations and is generally regarded
as a relatively nontoxic material. However, some adverse reactions
to potassium sorbate have been reported, including irritant skin
reactions which may be of the allergic, hypersensitive type. There
have been no reports of adverse systemic reactions following oral
consumption of potassium sorbate.
The WHO has set an estimated total acceptable daily intake for
sorbic acid, calcium sorbate, potassium sorbate, and sodium
sorbate expressed as sorbic acid at up to 25 mg/kg body-weight.
(mouse, IP): 1.3 g/kg
(rat, oral): 4.92 g/kg
See also Sorbic Acid.
Lager
Potassium sorbate is more stable in aqueous solution than sorbic
acid; aqueous solutions may be sterilized by autoclaving.
The bulk material should be stored in a well-closed container,
protected from light, at a temperature not exceeding 40°C.
Inkompatibilitäten
Some loss of antimicrobial activity occurs in the presence of
nonionic surfactants and some plastics.
Regulatory Status
GRAS listed. Accepted for use as a food additive in Europe.
Included in the FDA Inactive Ingredients Database (nasal sprays;
oral capsules, solutions, suspensions, syrups, tablets; topical creams
and lotions). Included in nonparenteral medicines licensed in the
UK. Included in the Canadian List of Acceptable Non-medicinal
Ingredients.
Kalium-(E,E)-hexa-2,4-dienoat Upstream-Materialien And Downstream Produkte
Upstream-Materialien
Downstream Produkte
