1,1,1-Trichlorethan Chemische Eigenschaften,Einsatz,Produktion Methoden
ERSCHEINUNGSBILD
FARBLOSE FLüSSIGKEIT MIT CHARAKTERISTISCHEM GERUCH.
PHYSIKALISCHE GEFAHREN
Die Dämpfe sind schwerer als Luft.
CHEMISCHE GEFAHREN
Die Substanz zersetzt sich beim Verbrennen unter Bildung von giftigen und ätzenden Rauchen. Reagiert heftig mit Aluminium und seinen Legierungen mit Magnesium, Basen, starken Oxidationsmitteln, Aceton und Zink.
ARBEITSPLATZGRENZWERTE
TLV: 350 ppm (als TWA), 450 ppm (als STEL); Krebskategorie A4 (nicht klassifizierbar als krebserzeugend für den Menschen); BEI vorhanden (ACGIH 2006).
MAK: 200 ppm, 1100 mg/m? Spitzenbegrenzung: überschreitungsfaktor II(1); Hautresorption (H); Schwangerschaft: Gruppe C; (DFG 2006).
AUFNAHMEWEGE
Aufnahme in den Körper durch Inhalation der Dämpfe und durch Verschlucken.
INHALATIONSGEFAHREN
Beim Verdampfen bei 20°C kann schnell eine gesundheitsschädliche Kontamination der Luft eintreten.
WIRKUNGEN BEI KURZZEITEXPOSITION
WIRKUNGEN BEI KURZZEITEXPOSITION: Die Substanz reizt schwach die Augen, die Atemwege und die Haut. Möglich sind Auswirkungen auf das Zentralnervensystem mit Bewusstseinstrübung. Exposition in hohen Konzentrationen kann zu Herzrhythmusstörungen führen.
WIRKUNGEN NACH WIEDERHOLTER ODER LANGZEITEXPOSITION
Die Flüssigkeit entfettet die Haut.
LECKAGE
Persönliche Schutzausrüstung: Umgebungsluftunabhängiges Atemschutzgerät. Belüftung. Ausgelaufene Flüssigkeit möglichst in abdichtbaren, geeigneten Behältern sammeln. Reste mit Sand oder inertem Absorptionsmittel aufnehmen und an einen sicheren Ort bringen. NICHT in die Umwelt gelangen lassen.
R-Sätze Betriebsanweisung:
R20:Gesundheitsschädlich beim Einatmen.
R59:Gefährlich für die Ozonschicht.
R66:Wiederholter Kontakt kann zu spröder oder rissiger Haut führen.
R40:Verdacht auf krebserzeugende Wirkung.
R19:Kann explosionsfähige Peroxide bilden.
R39/23/24/25:Giftig: ernste Gefahr irreversiblen Schadens durch Einatmen, Berührung mit der Haut und durch Verschlucken.
R23/24/25:Giftig beim Einatmen, Verschlucken und Berührung mit der Haut.
R11:Leichtentzündlich.
S-Sätze Betriebsanweisung:
S24/25:Berührung mit den Augen und der Haut vermeiden.
S59:Informationen zur Wiederverwendung/Wiederverwertung beim Hersteller/Lieferanten erfragen.
S61:Freisetzung in die Umwelt vermeiden. Besondere Anweisungen einholen/Sicherheitsdatenblatt zu Rate ziehen.
S9:Behälter an einem gut gelüfteten Ort aufbewahren.
S46:Bei Verschlucken sofort ärztlichen Rat einholen und Verpackung oder Etikett vorzeigen.
S16:Von Zündquellen fernhalten - Nicht rauchen.
S45:Bei Unfall oder Unwohlsein sofort Arzt zuziehen (wenn möglich, dieses Etikett vorzeigen).
S36/37:Bei der Arbeit geeignete Schutzhandschuhe und Schutzkleidung tragen.
Aussehen Eigenschaften
C2H3Cl3; (Methylchloroform; alpha-Trichlorethan; Methyltrichlormethan). Farblose, flüchtige, süßlich-etherisch riechende Flüssigkeit.
Gefahren für Mensch und Umwelt
Beim Kontakt mit Alkali- und Erdalkalimetallen bzw. Natriumamid sind explosionsartige Reaktionen möglich. Kunststoff- und Aluminiumbehälter werden angegriffen. Im Gemisch mit Luft und Sauerstoff Explosionsgefahr möglich.
Die thermische Zersetzung erfolgt bei ca. 160鳦.
Gefährliche Zersetzungsprodukte sind HCl, Chlor, Phosgen und Kohlenmonoxid.
Trichlorethan ist gesundheitsschädlich beim Einatmen und Verschlucken und führt zu Schäden der Leber, Nieren und des Zentralnervensystems. Als akute Folgeerscheinungen treten Kopfschmerz, Übelkeit, Schwindel bis hin zur Bewußtlosigkeit auf.
Auf Schleimhäute (Augen, Lunge) wirkt Trichlorethan reizendund kann bei längerer Exposition Atemnot und Lungenödeme auslösen.
Fruchtschädigender Arbeitsstoff!
Stark wassergefährdender Stoff (WGK 3).
1,1,1- Trichlorethan schädigt die Ozonschicht. Eine Freisetzung in die Umwelt ist deshalb zu vermeiden.
Schutzmaßnahmen und Verhaltensregeln
Immer im Abzug arbeiten!
Neoprenschutzhandschuhe nur als kurzzeitiger Spritzschutz.
Verhalten im Gefahrfall
Mit flüssigkeitsbindendem Material aufnehmen (z.B. Rench Rapid, Chemizorb, Sand) und in gut verschließbaren Behältern der Entsorgung zuführen.
Wassernebel, Kohlendioxid,
Löschpulver, Schaum.
Erste Hilfe
Nach Hautkontakt: Sofort mit viel Wasser und Seife abwaschen.
Nach Augenkontakt: Gründlich mit viel Wasser bei geöffnetem Lidspalt mind. 10 Min. spülen. Sofort Augenarzt konsultieren.
Nach Einatmen: Frischluft.
Nach Verschlucken: Wasser trinken lassen. Erbrechen vermeiden. Sofort Arzt hinzuziehen.
Nach Kleidungskontakt: Kontaminierte Kleidung sofort ausziehen.
Ersthelfer: siehe gesonderten Anschlag
Sachgerechte Entsorgung
Als halogenhaltiges Lösungsmittel entsorgen.
Beschreibung
1,1,1-Trichloroethane (1,1,1-TCE) was first identified in 1840
by Henri Victor Regnault, a French chemist and physicist. 1,1,1-
TCE is a synthetic chemical that is released to the environment
primarily by human industrial activity such as by-process and
fugitive emissions during its manufacture, formulation, and use
in both consumer and industrial products, which can then
undergo thermal and photochemical chlorination. 1,1,1-TCE
was originally introduced as a replacement for other chlorinated
and flammable solvents like carbon tetrachloride.
Although trichloroethane was formerly used extensively in
a range of industrial applications and consumer products,
including such products as adhesives and adhesive cleaners,
lubricants, general purpose liquid cleaners and spray
degreasers, oven cleaners, spot removers, shoe polish, and
fabric finishes, and as a precursor for hydrofluorocarbons, it is
no longer used in common household products. 1,1,1-TCE was
one of the compounds addressed by the Montreal Protocol in
1987, which stipulates that the production and consumption of
these potentially ozone-depleting substances in the stratosphere
were to be phased out. Under this agreement, the final
phase out for developed countries for 1,1,1-TCE was 1996, with
selected exceptions for existing stocks and essential uses;
developing countries have until 2015 for their ban to take effect.
Chemische Eigenschaften
1,1,1-Trichloroethane is a colorless liquid. It has an odor similar to chloroform. The Odor Threshold is 120 ppm (NJ) or 400 ppm (NY).
Physikalische Eigenschaften
Colorless, watery liquid with a dusty, sooty or polish-type odor similar to chloroform. At 40 °C,
the average odor threshold concentration and the lowest concentration at which an odor was
detected were 20,000 and 2,200 μg/L, respectively. At 25 °C, the lowest concentration at which a
taste was detected was 1,500 μg/L, respectively (Young et al., 1996). The average least detectable
odor threshold concentrations in water at 60 °C and in air at 40 °C were 0.47 and 0.32 mg/L,
respectively (Alexander et al., 1982).
Verwenden
1,1,1-Trichloroethane is used as a cleaningsolvent for cleaning metals and plastic molds.
Vorbereitung Methode
Most commercial methyl chloroform, which is sold under
several trade names, contains inhibitors to prevent reaction of
the solvent with aluminum and alloys. This reaction produces hydrogen chloride and in confined vessels may produce high
pressures.
Definition
ChEBI: A member of the class of chloroethanes carrying three chloro substituents at position 1.
Allgemeine Beschreibung
A colorless liquid with a sweet, pleasant odor. May irritate skin, eyes and mucous membranes. In high concentrations the vapors may have a narcotic effect. Nonflammable, but may decompose and emit toxic chloride fumes if exposed to high temperatures. Used as a solvent.
Air & Water Reaktionen
Insoluble in water. Absorbs some water.
Reaktivität anzeigen
1,1,1-Trichloroethane decomposes in the presence of chemically active metals. This includes aluminum, magnesium and their alloys. 1,1,1-Trichloroethane will react violently with dinitrogen tetraoxide, oxygen, liquid oxygen, sodium and sodium-potassium alloys. 1,1,1-Trichloroethane will also react violently with acetone, zinc and nitrates. 1,1,1-Trichloroethane can react with sodium hydroxide. 1,1,1-Trichloroethane is incompatible with strong oxidizers and strong bases. Mixtures with potassium or its alloys are shock-sensitive and may explode on light impact. 1,1,1-Trichloroethane can react with an aqueous suspension of calcium hydroxide, and with chlorine in sunlight. 1,1,1-Trichloroethane will attack some forms of plastics, rubber and coatings. Upon contact with hot metal or on exposure to ultraviolet radiation, 1,1,1-Trichloroethane will decompose to form irritant gases. A cobalt/molybdenum-alumina catalyst will generate a substantial exotherm on contact with its vapor at ambient temperatures. Hazardous reactions also occur with (aluminum oxide + heavy metals). .
Health Hazard
The oral and inhalation toxicity of 1,1,1-trichloroethane is of low order in animalsand humans. It is an anesthetic at highconcentrations. Exposure to its vapors at a1.5% concentration in air may be lethal tohumans. Death may result from anesthesiaand/or cardiac sensitization. Prolonged skincontact may cause defatting and reddeningof eyes. Vapors are irritant to the eyes andmucous membranes.
The acute oral toxicity is low in testanimals. The oral LD50 values in rabbitsand guinea pigs are 5660 and 9470 mg/kg,respectively (NIOSH 1986). The carcino genicity of this compound in animals andhumans is not known.
Brandgefahr
Special Hazards of Combustion Products: Toxic and irritating gases are generated in fires.
Kontakt-Allergie
Trichloroethane is a solvent that has wide applications
in industry, such as for cold type metal cleaning and in
cleaning plastic molds. It is mainly an irritant, but can
also provoke allergic contact dermatitis.
Sicherheitsprofil
Poison by intravenous
route. Moderately toxic by ingestion,
inhalation, skin contact, subcutaneous, and
intraperitoneal routes. An experimental
teratogen. Human systemic effects by
ingestion and inhalation: conjunctiva
irritation, hallucinations or distorted
perceptions, motor activity changes,
irritability, aggression, hypermotility,
diarrhea, nausea or vomiting and other
gastrointestinal changes. Experimental
reproductive effects. Questionable
carcinogen. Mutation data reported. A
human skin irritant. An experimental skin
and severe eye irritant. Narcotic in high
concentrations. Causes a proarrhythmic
activity that sensitizes the heart to
epinephrine-induced arrhythmias. This
sometimes will cause cardlac arrest,
particularly when this material is massively
inhaled as in drug abuse for euphoria.
Under the proper conditions it can
undergo hazardous reactions with aluminum
oxide + heavy metals, dinitrogen tetraoxide,
inhbitors, metals (e.g., magnesium, aluminum, potassium, potassium-sodium
alloy), sodium hydroxide, N2O4, oxygen.
When heated to decomposition it emits
toxic fumes of Cl-. Used as a cleaning
solvent, as a chemical intermediate to
produce vinylidene chloride, and as a
propellant in aerosol cans.
mögliche Exposition
1,1,1-Trichloroethane is used as a cleaning solvent, chemical intermediate for vinylidene chloride. In liquid form it is used as a degreaser and for cold cleaning, dip-cleaning; and bucket cleaning of metals. Other industrial applications of 1,1,1-trichlroethane’s solvent properties include its use as a dry-cleaning agent; a vapor degreasing agent; and a propellant. In recent years, 1,1,1-trichloroethane has found wide use as a substitute for carbon tetrachloride.
Carcinogenicity
IRIS provides a cancer
descriptor of “inadequate information to assess carcinogenic
potential.” This is based on inconclusive epidemiologic
studies. A 2 year inhalation bioassay showed no treatment-
related increase in tumors in rats and mice. The two
available oral cancer bioassays in rats and mice are inadequate
for evaluation of cancer potential. The compound has
been shown to be rather negative in short-term tests for
genotoxicity.
NCI tested rats and mice by oral and inhalation
routes, but the results were questionable.
Quast et al. exposed 96 Sprague–Dawley rats of both
sexes to 875 or 1750 ppm 1,1,1-trichloroethane vapor for 6 h/
day, 5 days/week for 12 months, followed by an additional
19 month observation period. The only significant sign of
toxicity was an increased incidence of focal hepatocellular
alterations in female rats at the highest dosage. Neither was it
evident that a maximum tolerated dose was used nor was a
range-finding study conducted. No significant dose-related
neoplasms were reported, but these dose levels were below
those used in the NCI study.
In another study, Quast et al. used an inhibited
formulation of 1,1,1-trichloroethane. Fischer 344 rats and
B6C3F1 mice of both sexes were exposed to 0, 150, 500, or
1500 ppm 6 h/day, 5 days/week for 2 years. The authors
indicate that there were no indications of an oncogenic effect on rats or mice following 2 years of exposure to the 1,1,1-
trichloroethane formulation and a NOAEL of 500 ppm for
adverse effect of any kind. The ATSDR reviewed this information
(52) and determined that the study adequately demonstrated
negative evidence of carcinogenicity in animals by
lifetime inhalation up to 1500 ppm.
Versand/Shipping
UN2831 1,1,1-Trichloroethane, Hazard Class: 6.1; Labels: 6.1-Poisonous materials.
läuterung methode
Wash it successively with conc HCl (or conc H2SO4), aqueous 10% K2CO3 (Na2CO3), aqueous 10% NaCl, dry it with CaCl2 or Na2SO4, and fractionally distil it. It can contain up to 3% dioxane as preservative. This is removed by washing successively with 10% aqueous HCl, 10% aqueous NaHCO3 and 10% aqueous NaCl, and distilling over CaCl2 before use. [Beilstein 1 IV 138.]
Inkompatibilitäten
Not flammable under normal conditions. However, in close or closed spaces, it may form a dangerously explosive atmosphere. See also fireextinguishing section. Strong caustics; strong oxidizers; chemically active metals, such as aluminum, magnesium powder; sodium, potassium. Reacts slowly with water forming hydrochloric acid. Upon contact with hot metal or exposure to UV radiation, it will decompose to form hydrochloric acid, phosgene and dichloroacetylene. Forms shocksensitive mixtures with potassium or its alloys. Attacks natural rubber.
Waste disposal
Consult with environmental regulatory agencies for guidance on acceptable disposal practices. Generators of waste containing this contaminant (≥100 kg/mo) must conform with EPA regulations governing storage, transportation, treatment, and waste disposal. Incineration, preferably after mixing with another combustible fuel. Care must be exercised to assure complete combustion to prevent the formation of phosgene. An acid scrubber is necessary to remove the halo acids produced. As an alternative to disposal, trichloroethane may be recovered from waste gases and liquids from various processes and recycled.
1,1,1-Trichlorethan Upstream-Materialien And Downstream Produkte
Upstream-Materialien
Downstream Produkte
