Schwefeldioxid Chemische Eigenschaften,Einsatz,Produktion Methoden
ERSCHEINUNGSBILD
FARBLOSES GAS ODER KOMPRIMIERTES FLüSSIGGAS MIT STECHENDEM GERUCH.
PHYSIKALISCHE GEFAHREN
Das Gas ist schwerer als Luft.
CHEMISCHE GEFAHREN
Mittelstarke Säure in wässriger Lösung. Reagiert heftig mit Natriumhydrid. Greift Plastik an.
ARBEITSPLATZGRENZWERTE
TLV: 2 ppm (als TWA), 5 ppm (als STEL); Krebskategorie A4 (nicht klassifizierbar als krebserzeugend für den Menschen); (ACGIH 2006).
MAK: 0.5 ppm, 1.3 mg/m? Spitzenbegrenzung: überschreitungsfaktor I(1); Schwangerschaft: Gruppe C; (DFG 2006).
AUFNAHMEWEGE
Aufnahme in den Körper durch Inhalation.
INHALATIONSGEFAHREN
Eine gesundheitsschädliche Konzentration des Gases in der Luft wird beim Entweichen aus dem Behälter sehr schnell erreicht.
WIRKUNGEN BEI KURZZEITEXPOSITION
WIRKUNGEN BEI KURZZEITEXPOSITION: Schnelle Verdampfung der Flüssigkeit kann zu Erfrierungen führen. Die Substanz reizt die Augen und die Atemwege. Inhalation kann zu asthmaähnlichen Reaktionen führen.
WIRKUNGEN NACH WIEDERHOLTER ODER LANGZEITEXPOSITION
Wiederholte oder andauernde Inhalation kann asthmatische Beschwerden hervorrufen.
LECKAGE
Gefahrenbereich verlassen! Persönliche Schutzausrüstung: Vollschutzanzug mit umgebungsluftunabhängigem Atemschutzgerät. Fachmann zu Rate ziehen! Belüftung. Wasserstrahl NIEMALS auf die Flüssigkeit richten.
R-Sätze Betriebsanweisung:
R23:Giftig beim Einatmen.
R34:Verursacht Verätzungen.
S-Sätze Betriebsanweisung:
S9:Behälter an einem gut gelüfteten Ort aufbewahren.
S26:Bei Berührung mit den Augen sofort gründlich mit Wasser abspülen und Arzt konsultieren.
S36/37/39:Bei der Arbeit geeignete Schutzkleidung,Schutzhandschuhe und Schutzbrille/Gesichtsschutz tragen.
S45:Bei Unfall oder Unwohlsein sofort Arzt zuziehen (wenn möglich, dieses Etikett vorzeigen).
Beschreibung
Sulfur dioxide is a compound formed by the
combination of the elements sulfur and oxygen.
On a weight basis, the proportion of the elements is about I part sulfur to I part oxygen, or
more exactly, 50.05 percent to 49.95 percent,
respectively. At standard conditions of temperature and pressure, sulfur dioxide is a colorless gas with a characteristic pungent odor. It
may be cooled and compressed to a colorless
liquid, which, at one atmosphere pressure, boils
at 14°F (10.0°C) and freezes at -104.6°F (-75.9°C). Sulfur dioxide liquid is heavier than
water, and has a specific gravity of 1.436 at
32°F (0°C). As a gas, it is more than twice as
heavy as air; its relative density is 2.2638 at
atmospheric pressure and 32°F (0°C).
Sulfur dioxide is not flammable or explosive
in either the gaseous or liquid state. It is a relatively stable chemical. Temperatures above
3632°F (2000°C) are required to bring about
detectable decomposition of sulfur dioxide. Dry
sulfur dioxide (less than 100 ppm water) is not
corrosive to ordinary metals. However, in the
presence of even small amounts of water, sulfur
dioxide becomes corrosive to most metals, with
exceptions including lead, Type 316 stainless
steel, and certain alloys. Glass and certain plastics are also resistant to moist sulfur dioxide.
Chemische Eigenschaften
Sulfur dioxide,S02, also known as sulfurous acid anhydride,is a toxic, irritating, colorless gas. It is soluble in water, alcohol, and ether, and boils at -10 °C. Sulfur dioxide is used as a chemical intermediate, in artificial ice, in paper pulping,in ore refining,and as a solvent.
sulfur dioxide lewis structure
Physikalische Eigenschaften
Colorless gas; pungent suffocating odor; gas density 2.927 g/L at 20°C; heavier than air, vapor density 2.263 (air=1); condenses to a colorless liquid at -10°C; density of liquid SO
2 1.434 g/mL; freezes at -72.7°C; critical temperature 157.65°C; critical pressure 77.78 atm; critical volume 122 cc/g; dielectric constant 17.27 at -16.5°C; dissolves in water forming sulfurous acid, solubility 22.97 g and 11.58 g/100mL water at 0° and 20°C, respectively, under atmospheric pressure; very soluble in acetone, methyl isobutyl ketone, acetic acid, and alcohol; soluble in sulfuric acid; liquid SO
2 slightly miscible in water.
Occurrence
Reported found in orange juice, grapefruit juice, onion, boiled and cooked beef,starfruit and weinbrand brandy.
Verwenden
Sulfur Dioxide is a preservative, being a gas that dissolves in water
to yield sulfurous acid. sulfite salts, such as sodium and potassium
sulfite, sodium and potassium bisulfite, and sodium and potassium
metabisulfite, yield free sulfurous acid at low ph. sulfur dioxide pre-
vents the discoloration of foods by combining with the sugars and
enzymes. it also inhibits bacterial growth. it is used in beverages,
cherries, wines, and fruits.
synthetische
Sulfur dioxide usually is prepared industrially by the burning in air or oxygen of sulfur or such compounds of sulfur as iron pyrite or copper pyrite. Large quantities of sulfur dioxide are formed in the combustion of sulfur-containing fuels. In the laboratory, the gas may be prepared by reducing sulfuric acid (H2SO4) to sulfurous acid (H2SO3), which decomposes into water and sulfur dioxide, or by treating sulfites (salts of sulfurous acid) with strong acids, such as hydrochloric acid, again forming sulfurous acid.
Vorbereitung Methode
Sulfur dioxide can be made by burning sulfur, or by roasting sulfide
ores such as pyrites, sphalerite, and cinnabar.
Air & Water Reaktionen
Dissolves in water to form sulfurous acid, a corrosive liquid. Moist Sulfur dioxide is very corrosive due to the slow formation of sulfuric acid [Handling Chemicals Safely 1980 p. 876].
Reaktivität anzeigen
Sulfur dioxide is acidic. Reacts exothermically with bases such as amines, amides, metal oxides, and hydroxides. Frequently used as a reducing agent although Sulfur dioxide is not a powerful one. Acts as a reducing bleach to decolorize many materials. Can act as an oxidizing agent. Supports combustion of powdered aluminum [Mellor 5:209-212 1946-47]. Reacts explosively with fluorine [Mellor 2:1 1946-47]. Supports burning of manganese [Mellor 12:187 1946-47]. Readily liquefied by compression. Contact between the liquid and water may result in vigorous or violent boiling and extremely rapid vaporization. If the water is hot an explosion may occur. Pressures may build to dangerous levels if the liquid contacts water in a closed container [Handling Chemicals Safely 1980]. Supports incandescent combustion of monocesium acetylide, monopotassium acetylide, cesium oxide, iron(II) oxide, tin oxide, and lead oxide [Mellor]. Ethylene oxide and SO2 can react violently in pyridine solution with pressurization if ethylene oxide is in excess (Nolan, 1983, Case History 51).
Hazard
Toxic by inhalation, strong irritant to eyes
and mucous membranes, especially under pressure.
Dangerous air contaminant and constituent of smog.
Not permitted in meats and other sources of vitamin
B1. U.S. atmospheric standard 0.140 ppm. Pulmonary
function inhibitor and lower respiratory
tract irritant. Questionable carcinogen.
Health Hazard
Exposures to sulfur dioxide cause adverse health effects to users and occupational workers.
The gaseous sulfur dioxide is particularly irritating to the mucous membranes of the
upper respiratory tract. Chronic exposure to sulfur dioxide produces dryness of the throat,
cough, rhinitis, conjunctivitis, corneal burns, and corneal opacity. Acute exposure to high
concentrations of sulfur dioxide may also result in death due to asphyxia. By contrast,
chronic exposures to sulfur dioxide lead to nasopharyngitis, fatigue, and disturbances of
the pulmonary function. Animals exposed to chronic doses of sulfur dioxide have shown
thickening of the mucous layer in the trachea and also hypertrophy of goblet cells and
mucous glands resembling the pathology of chronic bronchitis. It has been found that
penetration of sulfur dioxide into the lungs is greater during mouth breathing than during
nose breathing. In fact, an increase in the fl ow rate of the gas would markedly increase the
penetration. Human subjects exposed for very brief periods to sulfur dioxide also showed
alterations in pulmonary mechanics. More information on the adverse effects of sulfur
dioxide and the manner of its potentiation in association with other chemicals may be
found in literature.
Brandgefahr
Containers may explode in heat of fire or they may rupture and release irritating toxic Sulfur dioxide. Sulfur dioxide has explosive properties when Sulfur dioxide comes in contact with sodium hydride; potassium chlorate at elevated temperatures; ethanol; ether; zinc ethylsulfurinate at very cool temperatures (-15C); fluorine; chlorine trifluoride and chlorates. Sulfur dioxide will react with water or steam to produce toxic and corrosive fumes. When the liquid is heated Sulfur dioxide may release irritating, toxic Sulfur dioxide gas. Avoid ammonia, monocesium or monopotassium acetylide; dicesium monoxide; iron (II) oxide; tin oxide; lead (IV) oxide; chromium; manganese; molten sodium, powder aluminum and rubidium. Sulfur dioxide has explosive properties when Sulfur dioxide comes in contact with sodium hydride; potassium chlorate at elevated temperatures; ethanol; ether; zinc ethylsulfurinate at very cool temperatures (-15C); fluorine; chlorine trifluoride and chlorates. Sulfur dioxide will react with water or steam to produce toxic and corrosive fumes. Hazardous polymerization may not occur.
Flammability and Explosibility
Sulfur dioxide is a noncombustible substance (NFPA rating = 0).
Pharmazeutische Anwendungen
Sulfur dioxide is used as an antioxidant for pharmaceutical
injections. It is also used as a preservative and antioxidant in the
food and cosmetics industries.
Materials Uses
Service conditions must be defined to properly
specifY materials of construction for handling
sulfur dioxide. It is customary, however, to use
carbon steel for dry sulfur dioxide at ambient
temperatures. Reference should be made to the
latest edition of the ASME Code, Section VIlI,
Division I for vessels, and to the latest edition of ANSI/ASME 831.3, Chemical Plant and
Petroleum Refinery Piping for piping specifications.
Moist sulfur dioxide is corrosive to carbon
steel; therefore, other materials of construction
have to be considered in this case. A source of
data on the corrosivity of sulfur dioxide to various materials is the Corrosion Data Survey,
published by the National Association of Corrosion Engineers; suppliers of liquid sulfur dioxide are another source.
Sicherheitsprofil
A poison gas. Experimental reproductive effects. Human mutation data reported. Human systemic effects by inhalation: pulmonary vascular resistance, respiratory depression, and other pulmonary changes. Questionable carcinogen with experimental tumorigenic and teratogenic data. It chiefly affects the upper respiratory tract and the bronchi. It may cause edema of the lungs or glottis, and can produce respiratory paralysis. A corrosive irritant to eyes, skin, and mucous membranes. This material is so irritating that it provides its own warning of toxic concentration. Levels of 400-500 ppm are immediately dangerous to life. Its toxicity is comparable to that of hydrogen chloride. However, less than fatal concentration can be borne for fair periods of time with no apparent permanent damage. It is a common air contaminant. A nonflammable gas. It reacts violently with acrolein, Al, CsHC2, Cs2O, chlorates, ClF3, Cr, FeO, F2, Mn, KHC2, KClO3, Rb2C2, Na, Na2C2, SNOx diaminolithiumacetylene carbide. Will react with water or steam to produce toxic and corrosive fumes. Incompatible with halogens or interhalogens, lithium nitrate, metal acetylides, metal oxides, metals, polymeric tubing, potassium chlorate, sodium hydride.
Sicherheit(Safety)
Sulfur dioxide is used in food and pharmaceutical products.
However, in large amounts, sulfur dioxide gas is highly irritant to
the eyes, skin, and mucous membranes. Inhalation can lead to
severe irritation of the respiratory tract. Direct contact with the
liquid form may cause frostbite. Sulfur dioxide and sulfites may also
cause allergic reactions and asthma.
mögliche Exposition
Sulfur dioxide is used in the manufacture of sodium sulfite, sulfuric acid; sulfuryl chloride; thionyl chloride; organic sulfonates; disinfectants, fumigants, glass, wine, ice, industrial and edible protein; and vapor pressure thermometers. It is also used in the bleaching of beet sugar, flour, fruit, gelatin, glue, grain, oil, straw, textiles, wicker ware; wood pulp; and wool; in the tanning of leather; in brewing and preserving; and in the refrigeration industry. Exposure may also occur in various other industrial processes as it is a by-product of ore smelting, coal and fuel oil combustion; paper manufacturing and petroleum refining.
Carcinogenicity
Sulfur dioxide may act as a cancer promoter. The mortality of
arsenic smelter workers was higher when they had also been
exposed to sulfur dioxide. In addition, rats exposed to
3.5 or 10 ppm of sulfur dioxide developed squamous cell
carcinomas from inhalation of benzo[a]pyrene, but neither compound alone produced carcinomas under the conditions
of this experiment.
Lager
Sulfur dioxide is noncorrosive and stable when dry. It is usually
stored under pressure in cylinders, and should be kept in a cool, dry,
well-ventilated area, away from flammable materials.
Versand/Shipping
UN1079 Sulfur dioxide, Hazard Class: 2.3; Labels: 2.3-Poisonous gas, 8-Corrosive material, Inhalation Hazard Zone C. Cylinders must be transported in a secure upright position, in a well-ventilated truck. Protect cylinder and labels from physical damage. The owner of the compressed gas cylinder is the only entity allowed by federal law (49CFR) to transport and refill them. It is a violation of transportation regulations to refill compressed gas cylinders without the express written permission of the owner
läuterung methode
Dry it by bubbling through conc H2SO4 and by passage over P2O5, then through a glass-wool plug. Freeze it with liquid air and pump it to a high vacuum to remove dissolved gases. It is easily liquefied by compression (2.5atmospheres at 15o), or by passing it through a glass spiral column in a freezing mixture of ice and salt. It is a colourless liquid with a density of 1.434 at 0o, which on rapid evaporation forms a snow white solid. It could be used as a solvent in certain reactions. HARMFUL SUFFOCATING VAPOURS.
Inkompatibilitäten
Sulfur dioxide reacts vigorously with strong alkalis and oxidizing
agents. The moist gas corrodes most metals. Sulfur dioxide is
incompatible with chlorates, fluorine, interhalogens, powdered
metals, metal oxides, metal acetylides, sodium hydroxide, and
diethyl zinc. It is also incompatible with thiamine and gelatin.
Waste disposal
Return refillable compressed gas cylinders to supplier. Pass into soda ash solution, then add calcium hypochlorite; neutralize and flush to sewer with water (A-38).
Vorsichtsmaßnahmen
Occupational workers should be careful at workplaces because exposure to sulfur dioxide
occurs from breathing it in the air. It affects the lungs and at high levels may result in burning
of the nose and throat, breathing diffi culties, and severe airway obstructions.
Regulatory Status
GRAS listed. Accepted for use as a food additive in Europe.
Included in the FDA Inactive Ingredients Database (IV infusions;
injection solutions). Included in the Canadian List of Acceptable
Non-medicinal Ingredients.
Schwefeldioxid Upstream-Materialien And Downstream Produkte
Upstream-Materialien
Downstream Produkte
Ammonium carbonate additive
α-Chlordesoxybenzoin
Sulfuryldifluorid
N,N-Dimethyl-3-((1-(phenylmethyl)-1H-indazol-3-yl)oxy)-1-propanamin-monohydrochlorid
2-Iodbenzoylchlorid
Ammoniumsulfit
2,2'-(1,3,4-Oxadiazol-2,5-diyl)bis[1-aminoanthrachinon]
Platin
2-Aminonaphthalin-1-sulfonsure
Selen
polymer bactericidal flocculent
DI-N-BUTYL SULFATE
Industrial sulfuric acid
(R)-(+)-2-Methyl-2-propanesulfinamide
Ammoniumhydrogensulfit
Pentachlorphenyllaurat
Tetrahydrothiophen-1,1-dioxid
2-[4-Chlor-3-(chlorsulfonyl)benzoyl]benzoesure
2,5-Dihydrothiophen-1,1-dioxid
o-Chlorbenzolsulfonamid
6-Amino-4-hydroxynaphthalin-2-sulfonsure
Carbonylsulfid
Etamsylat
Chlordioxid
Malz, Extrakt
7-Anilino-4-hydroxynaphthalin-2-sulfonsure
Mecrilat
1,2-Benzisothiazol-3(2H)-on-1,1-dioxid, Natriumsalz
Thiocarbonylchlorid
1-(Chlorformyl)benzylacetat
Thifensulfuron methyl
2-Chlor-N-[[(4-methoxy-6-methyl-1,3,5-triazin-2-yl)amino]carbonyl]benzolsulfonamid
Phenylacetylchlorid
1-Brom-2-naphthol
Chrom (III) oxid
Natriumhydroxymethansulfinat
Natriumchlorit
Isobutyrylchlorid
Methyl 2-(chlorosulfonyl)benzoate
Phenylarsinoxid
