Palladium Chemische Eigenschaften,Einsatz,Produktion Methoden
R-Sätze Betriebsanweisung:
R61:Kann das Kind im Mutterleib schädigen.
R33:Gefahr kumulativer Wirkungen.
R37/38:Reizt die Atmungsorgane und die Haut.
R40:Verdacht auf krebserzeugende Wirkung.
R41:Gefahr ernster Augenschäden.
R36/37/38:Reizt die Augen, die Atmungsorgane und die Haut.
R11:Leichtentzündlich.
S-Sätze Betriebsanweisung:
S53:Exposition vermeiden - vor Gebrauch besondere Anweisungen einholen.
S26:Bei Berührung mit den Augen sofort gründlich mit Wasser abspülen und Arzt konsultieren.
S36/37/39:Bei der Arbeit geeignete Schutzkleidung,Schutzhandschuhe und Schutzbrille/Gesichtsschutz tragen.
S24/25:Berührung mit den Augen und der Haut vermeiden.
S36:DE: Bei der Arbeit geeignete Schutzkleidung tragen.
S22:Staub nicht einatmen.
Aussehen Eigenschaften
Pd, schwarzes Metallpulver
Gefahren für Mensch und Umwelt
Palladium ist ein entzündlicher Feststoff, der bei Brand giftige Dämpfe freisetzt. Ein Gemisch mit brennbaren Substanzen sind leichtentzündlich und brennen auch unter Luftabschluß heftig ab. Kann in Pulverform zu einer Staubexplosion führen.
Dämpfe wirken stark reizend auf Augen, Atmungsorgane und die Haut.
Schutzmaßnahmen und Verhaltensregeln
Unbedingt im Abzug arbeiten. Von brennbaren Stoffen und Zündquellen fernhalten. Immer unter Inertgas aufbewahren und Behälter an gut gelüfteten Ort aufbewahren.
Staubmaske
Schutzbrille mit Seitenschutz und oberer Augenraumabdeckung
Verhalten im Gefahrfall
Staubbildung vermeiden. Mechanisch aufnehmen. Bei Feuer und damit verbundender Freisetzung von giftigen Dämpfen Saal räumen.
Wasser, Schaum, Kohlendioxid, Löschpulver
Erste Hilfe
Nach Hautkontakt: Bei berührung mit der Haut sofort mit viel Wasser und Seife abwaschen.
Nach Augenkontakt: 15 min bei geöffnetem Lidspalt mittels Augendusche spülen, Arzt konsultieren.
Nach Einatmen: Nach Einatmen Person an frische Luft bringen.
Nach Verschlucken: Bei Verschluken Wasser trinken lassen. Den Betroffenen nur bei vollen Bewußstsein selbsttätig erbrechen lassen. Sofort Arzt hinzuziehen.
Ersthelfer: siehe gesonderten Anschlag
Sachgerechte Entsorgung
Katalytisch wirksame Metalle sollten zum erneuten Gebrauch zurückgewonnen werden.
Physikalische Eigenschaften
Palladium is the middle element in group 10 of the transition elements (periods 4, 5, and6). Many of its properties are similar to nickel located above it and platinum just below it inthis group.
Palladium is a soft, silvery-white metal whose chemical and physical properties closelyresemble platinum. It is mostly found with deposits of other metals. It is malleable and ductile,which means it can be worked into thin sheets and drawn through a die to form very thinwires. It does not corrode. Its melting point is 1,554°C, its boiling point is 3,140°C, and itsdensity is 12.02 g/cm
3.
Isotopes
There are 42 isotopes of palladium, ranging from Pd-91 to Pd-124. All but sixare radioactive and artificially produced in nuclear reactors with half-lives ranging from159 nanoseconds to 6.5×10
+6 years. The six stable isotopes of palladium and theirproportional contribution to their existence in the Earth’s crust are as follows: Pd-102 =1.02%, Pd-104 = 11.14%, Pd-105 = 22.23%, Pd-106 = 27.33%, Pd-108 = 26.46%,and Pd-110 = 11.72%.
Origin of Name
Palladium is named after the asteroid Pallas, which was discovered at
about the same time as the element. Pallas is the name of two mythological Greek figures,
one male and the other female.
Occurrence
Palladium is considered a rare metal, making up only about 1 part per 100 million partsof the Earth’s crust. It is considered the 77th most abundant element on Earth, although it is seldom found in pure states. Rather, it is mixed with other metals or in compounds of palladium.
It was originally found in gold ores from Brazil, where the miners thought the gold wascontaminated by what they referred to as “white gold.” Later, it was considered an alloy combinationof palladium and gold.
Deposits of ores containing palladium, as well as other metals, are found in Siberia and theUral Mountains of Russia, Canada, and South Africa, as well as in South America.
Charakteristisch
One of palladium’s unique characteristics is its ability to absorb 900 times its own volumeof hydrogen gas. When the surface of the pure metal is exposed to hydrogen gas (H
2), the gasmolecules break into atomic hydrogen. These hydrogen atoms then seep into the holes in thecrystal structure of the metal. The result is a metallic hydride (PdH
0.5) that changes palladiumfrom an electrical conductor to a semiconductor. The compound palladium dichloride (PdCl
2)also has the ability to absorb large quantities of carbon monoxide (CO). These characteristicsare useful for many commercial applications. Palladium is the most reactive of all the platinumfamily of elements (Ru, Rh, Pd, Os, Is, and Pt.)
Verwenden
Palladium is a soft white metal found in copper and nickel ores. The chloride compound of this element was used after the turn of the century for printing and also in combination with platinum for printing.
Palladium is a transition metal element used in catalytic reactions involving processes such as hydrogenation. Lindlar Catalyst.
In form of gold, silver, and copper alloys in dentistry; for alloy bearings, springs, balance wheels of watches; for mirrors in astronomical instruments; as catalyzer in manufacture of sulfuric acid and in other oxidizing processes; in powder form as catalyst in hydrogenation and in ignition of hydrogen or hydrocarbons with oxygen; the spongy form is used in gas analysis for separating hydrogen from mixtures of gases.
synthetische
It can be made from the ore with dry process in Industrial production; can also copper, nickel sulfide ore preparation of copper, nickel production process as a by-product as raw materials, made by wet smelting. It can also be obtained from the wet process with the byproduct of copper, nickel production from the copper sulfide ore or nickel sulfide ore.
The wet method is using the residue of extracted nickel and copper as raw materials, adding aqua for extraction, filtration, adding ammonia and hydrochloric acid to react, thus forming the precipitation of ammonium chloropalladate. After refining, filtration, reduction of ammonium chloropalladate with hydrogen 99.95% finished product of palladium can be obtained.
Definition
palladium: Symbol Pd. A soft whiteductile transition element (see alsoplatinum metals); a.n. 46; r.a.m.106.4; r.d. 12.02; m.p. 1552°C; b.p.3140±1°C. It occurs in some copperand nickel ores and is used in jewelleryand as a catalyst for hydrogenationreactions. Chemically, itdoes not react with oxygen at normaltemperatures. It dissolves slowly inhydrochloric acid. Palladium is capableof occluding 900 times its ownvolume of hydrogen. It forms fewsimple salts, most compounds beingcomplexes of palladium(II) with somepalladium(IV). It was discovered byWilliam Woolaston (1766–1828) in1803.
Application
Palladium is used in the preparation of Palladium catalysts. Palladium based nanomaterials can also be applied in cancer diagnosis and therapy.
Vorbereitung Methode
Palladium and platinum have been used since 1974 as
catalyst to oxidize carbon monoxide to carbon dioxide in
automobile engines and in hydrocarbon conversion. This use
of palladium results in palladium being emitted as solid
particles with automotive exhaust gases.
Allgemeine Beschreibung
This product has been enhanced for energy efficiency.
Hazard
Palladium is not combustible except as fine powder or dust. Several of palladium’s compoundsare oxidizing agents, and some react violently with organic substances.
Flammability and Explosibility
Palladium on carbon catalysts containing adsorbed hydrogen are pyrophoric,
particularly when dry and at elevated temperatures. Palladium on carbon catalysts
prepared by formaldehyde reduction are less pyrophoric than those reduced with
hydrogen. Finely divided carbon, like most materials in powder form, is capable of
creating a dust explosion.
Lager
In
particular, palladium on carbon should always be handled under an inert atmosphere
(preferably argon), and reaction vessels should be flushed with inert gas before the
catalyst is added. Dry catalyst should never be added to an organic solvent in the
presence of air. Palladium on carbon recovered from catalytic hydrogenation
reactions by filtration requires careful handling because it is usually saturated with
hydrogen and will ignite spontaneously on exposure to air. The filter cake should
never be allowed to dry, and the moist material should be added to a large quantity
of water and disposed of properly.
Inkompatibilitäten
Catalysts prepared on high surface area supports are highly active and readily cause
ignition of hydrogen/air and solvent/air mixtures. Methanol is notable for easy
ignition because of its high volatility. Addition of catalyst to a tetrahydroborate
solution may cause ignition of liberated hydrogen.
Waste disposal
Excess palladium on carbon and waste material containing this substance should be covered in water,
placed in an appropriate container, clearly labeled, and handled according to your institution's waste
disposal guidelines.
Palladium Upstream-Materialien And Downstream Produkte
Upstream-Materialien
Downstream Produkte
3,4,5-Trimethoxyhydrozimtsure
Dimethylmethylsuccinat
1H-Indazol-6-ol
Pyridazine, 3-bromo- (9CI)
Pyridazin-3-amine
1-METHYL-PIPERIDINE-4-CARBOXYLIC ACID
Zalcitabine
2-AMINO-3,5-DICYANOPYRIDINE
3-PYRIDIN-2-YL-PROPIONIC ACID H2SO4
4-BROMO-2-FLUOROBENZYLAMINE
6-Aminoquinoxaline
3-Amino-4,6-dimethylpyridine
7-Hydroxyindole
5-AMINOINDOLE HYDROCHLORIDE
6-HYDROXYMETHYLINDOLE
4-Aminotetrahydropyran
1-BOC-4-HYDROXY-4-(HYDROXYMETHYL)-PIPERIDINE
N-(4,6-DIMETHYLPYRIMIDIN-2-YL)BENZENE-1,4-DIAMINE
1,2,3-BENZOTHIADIAZOLE-5-CARBOXYLIC ACID
(3R)-(-)-3-Aminopyrrolidine dihydrochloride
1-(4-AMINO-2,6-DICHLOROPHENOXY)-3-MORPHOLINOPROPAN-2-OL
Pyridin-2,3-diyldiamin
2-Aminophenylboronic acid
3(2H)-Pyridazinone
2-(4-AMINOPHENYL)ETHYL AMINE 2HCL
1H-Indazol-7-amin
Indazol-5-ylamin
TETRAHYDRO-3-FUROIC ACID
N-METHYL-2-PIPERAZIN-1-YLACETAMIDE
2-Quinolinemethanamine
4-Hydroxy-3-methoxyphenylessigsure
3-Hydroxy-5-hydroxymethyl-2,4-dimethylpyridiniumchlorid
(3R)-(+)-3-(DIMETHYLAMINO)PYRROLIDINE
5-Hydroxyindol
cis-1,2-Diaminocyclohexane
2-ACETAMIDO-5-AMINO-4-PICOLINE
4-(2-MORPHOLINOETHOXY)-3,5-DICHLOROBENZENAMINE
4-(2-(N-PHENYL-N-ETHYLAMINO)ETHOXY)-3,5-DICHLOROBENZENAMINE
(3S)-(+)-3-Aminopyrrolidine dihydrochloride
2,6-Dimethyl-3-pyridylamin
