Aluminium Chemische Eigenschaften,Einsatz,Produktion Methoden
ERSCHEINUNGSBILD
SILBRIG- WEISSESBIS GRAUES PULVER.
PHYSIKALISCHE GEFAHREN
Staubexplosion der pulverisierten oder granulierten Substanz in Gemischen mit Luft möglich.
CHEMISCHE GEFAHREN
Reagiert mit Wasserund Alkoholen, und sehr heftig mit Oxidationsmitteln, starken Säuren, starken Basenund chlorierten Kohlenwasserstoffen unter Feuer- und Explosionsgefahr.
ARBEITSPLATZGRENZWERTE
TLV: (als Al, pyrophores Pulver) 5 mg/m?(als TWA); TLV: (als Al, Metallstaub) 10 mg/m?(als TWA); (ACGIH 2005).
MAK: 1,5 mg/m?(Alveolengängige Fraktion); 4 mg/m?(Einatembare Fraktion) Schwangerschaft: Gruppe D (DFG 2008).
AUFNAHMEWEGE
Aufnahme in den Körper durch Inhalation.
INHALATIONSGEFAHREN
Verdampfung bei 20°C vernachlässigbar; eine gesundheitsschädliche Partikelkonzentration in der Luft kann jedoch schnell erreicht werden.
WIRKUNGEN NACH WIEDERHOLTER ODER LANGZEITEXPOSITION
Risiko der Lungenschädigung bei wiederholter oder längerer Exposition gegenüber Staubpartikeln. Möglich sind Auswirkungen auf das Nervensystem mit nachfolgenden Funktionsstörungen.
LECKAGE
Verschüttetes Material in abgedeckten und trockenen Behältern sammeln. Persönliche Schutzausrüstung: Atemschutzgerät, P2-Filter für schädliche Partikel.
R-Sätze Betriebsanweisung:
R17:Selbstentzündlich an der Luft. Spontaneously flammable in air.
R15:Reagiert mit Wasser unter Bildung hochentzündlicher Gase.
R36/38:Reizt die Augen und die Haut.
R10:Entzündlich.
R67:Dämpfe können Schläfrigkeit und Benommenheit verursachen.
R65:Gesundheitsschädlich: kann beim Verschlucken Lungenschäden verursachen.
R62:Kann möglicherweise die Fortpflanzungsfähigkeit beeinträchtigen.
R51/53:Giftig für Wasserorganismen, kann in Gewässern längerfristig schädliche Wirkungen haben.
R48/20:Gesundheitsschädlich: Gefahr ernster Gesundheitsschäden bei längerer Exposition durch Einatmen.
R38:Reizt die Haut.
R11:Leichtentzündlich.
S-Sätze Betriebsanweisung:
S7/8:Behälter trocken und dicht geschlossen halten.
S43:Zum Löschen . . . (vom Hersteller anzugeben) verwenden (wenn Wasser die Gefahr erhöht, anfügen: "Kein Wasser verwenden").
S26:Bei Berührung mit den Augen sofort gründlich mit Wasser abspülen und Arzt konsultieren.
S62:Bei Verschlucken kein Erbrechen herbeiführen. Sofort ärztlichen Rat einholen und Verpackung oder dieses Etikett vorzeigen.
S61:Freisetzung in die Umwelt vermeiden. Besondere Anweisungen einholen/Sicherheitsdatenblatt zu Rate ziehen.
S36/37:Bei der Arbeit geeignete Schutzhandschuhe und Schutzkleidung tragen.
S33:Maßnahmen gegen elektrostatische Aufladungen treffen.
S29:Nicht in die Kanalisation gelangen lassen.
S16:Von Zündquellen fernhalten - Nicht rauchen.
S9:Behälter an einem gut gelüfteten Ort aufbewahren.
Aussehen Eigenschaften
Al, Aluminium fein gepulvert, Bronze. Silberweißes Pulver, das bei feiner Verteilung und im Kontakt mit Oxidationsmitteln exposions- und brandgefährlich ist. Selbstentzündung an Luft möglich. Mit Wasser, Säuren und Laugen entwickelt Aluminium Wasserstoff.
Gefahren für Mensch und Umwelt
Reagiert mit Wasser unter Bildung hochentzündlicher Gase (Wasserstoff).
Selbstentzündlich an der Luft.
Zu vermeidende Stoffe sind Laugen, Säuren, Oxidationsmittel, Halogene, Nitrate, Sulfate, Sulfide, Alkohole, Ammoniumverbindungen, Alkalihydroxide, Alkalisalze, Halogenkohlenwasserstoffe, Halbmetalloxide, Nichtmetalle, Nichtmetalloxide, Halogen-Halogenverbindungen, Metalloxide, Metallsalze, Luft, Sauerstoff, Quecksilberverbindungen, Halbmetallhalogenide und Nichtmetallhalogenide.
Reizt die Schleimhäute, verzögert die Wundheilung.
Schutzmaßnahmen und Verhaltensregeln
Schutzhandschuhe als kurzzeitiger Staubschutz.
Verhalten im Gefahrfall
Einatmen von Stäuben unbedingt vermeiden.
Nicht in die Kanalisation gelangen lassen.
Trocken aufnehmen. Der Entsorgung zuführen. Staubentwicklung vermeiden.
Metallbrandpulver, trockener Sand, Zement.
Ungeeignete Löschmittel: Wasser, Kohlendioxid, Schaum, Pulver
Brennbar. Gefahr einer Staubexplosion.
Erste Hilfe
Nach Hautkontakt: Mit reichlich Wasser abwaschen.
Nach Augenkontakt: Mit reichlich Wasser bei geöffnetem Lidspalt mindestens 10 Minuten ausspülen. Augenarzt hinzuziehen.
Nach Einatmen: Frischluft, Arzt konsultieren.
Nach Verschlucken: Viel Wasser trinken, Erbrechen auslösen, Arzt hinzuziehen.
Nach Kleidungskontakt: Kontaminierte Kleidung sofort entfernen.
Ersthelfer: siehe gesonderten Anschlag
Sachgerechte Entsorgung
Getrennt sammeln oder in kleinen Portionen in Wasser eintragen. Vorsicht! Wasserstoffentwicklung!
Beschreibung
Although aluminum was one of the last metals to be commercialized,
it has been recognized for centuries. Aluminum was
first recognized by the Romans as an astringent substance, and
they called it ‘alum.’ By the middle ages it was manufactured as
‘alum stone,’ a subsulfate of alumina and potash. In 1825, Hans
C. ?ersted was able to isolate a few drops of the raw material,
and by 1886 it had patents from both Charles Martin Hall of the
United States and Paul-Louis-Toussaint Heroult of France.
Aluminum was commercialized in industry by the end of the
nineteenth century.
Chemische Eigenschaften
Aluminum metallic powder is a light, silvery-white to gray, odorless powder. Aluminum
metallic powder is reactive and flammable. Aluminum is normally coated with a layer of
aluminum oxide unless the particles are freshly formed. There are two main types of aluminum powder: the “fl ake” type made by stamping the cold metal and the “granulated”
type made from molten aluminum. Pyro powder is an especially fi ne type of “fl ake”
powder. Aluminum powders are used in paints, pigments, protective coatings, printing
inks, rocket fuel, explosives, abrasives, and ceramics; the production of inorganic and
organic aluminum chemicals; and as catalysts. Pyro powder is mixed with carbon and
used in the manufacture of fi reworks. The coarse powder is used in aluminothermics.
Physikalische Eigenschaften
Pure metallic aluminum is not found in nature. It is found as a part of compounds,especially compounded with oxygen as in aluminum oxide (Al
2O
3). In its purified form, aluminumis a bluish-white metal that has excellent qualities of malleability and ductility. Purealuminum is much too soft for construction or other purposes. However, adding as little as1% each of silicon and iron will make aluminum harder and give it strength.
Its melting point is 660.323°C, its boiling point is 2,519°C, and its density is 2.699 g/cm
3.
Physikalische Eigenschaften
Emissivity of Al
Clean polished foil: 0.04 (300 K), 0.02 (78 K), 0.011 (2 K, λ: 14 mm)
Electrolytic polished Al after annealing: 0.07 (1000 K), 0.04 (500 K), 0.03 (300 K)
Commercial products: 0.09 (373 K)
Isotopes
There are 23 isotopes of aluminum, and only one of these is stable. The singlestable isotope, Al-27, accounts for 100% of the element’s abundance in the Earth’scrust. All the other isotopes are radioactive with half-lives ranging from a few nanosecondsto 7.17×10
+15 years.
Origin of Name
From the Latin word alumen, or aluminis, meaning “alum,” which is a
bitter tasting form of aluminum sulfate or aluminum potassium sulfate.
Occurrence
Aluminum is the third most abundant element found in the Earth’s crust. It is found inconcentrations of 83,200 ppm (parts-per-million) in the crust. Only the nonmetals oxygenand silicon are found in greater abundance. Aluminum oxide (Al
2O
3) is the fourth mostabundant compound found on Earth, with a weight of 69,900 ppm. Another alum-typecompound is potassium aluminum sulfate [KAl(SO
4)
2?12H
2O]. Although aluminum is notfound in its free metallic state, it is the most widely distributed metal (in compound form) onEarth. Aluminum is also the most abundant element found on the moon.
Almost all rocks contain some aluminum in the form of aluminum silicate minerals foundin clays, feldspars, and micas. Today, bauxite is the major ore for the source of aluminummetal. Bauxite was formed eons ago by the natural chemical reaction of water, which thenformed aluminum hydroxides. In addition to the United States, Jamaica and other Caribbeanislands are the major sources of bauxite. Bauxite deposits are found in many countries, butnot all are of high concentration.
Charakteristisch
Alloys of aluminum are light and strong and can easily be formed into many shapes—thatis, it can be extruded, rolled, pounded, cast, and welded. It is a good conductor of electricityand heat. Aluminum wires are only about 65% as efficient in conducting electricity as arecopper wires, but aluminum wires are significantly lighter in weight and less expensive thancopper wires. Even so, aluminum wiring is not used in homes because of its high electricalresistance, which can build up heat and may cause fires.
Aluminum reacts with acids and strong alkali solutions. Once aluminum is cut, the freshsurface begins to oxidize and form a thin outer coating of aluminum oxide that protects themetal from further corrosion. This is one reason aluminum cans should not be discarded inthe environment. Aluminum cans last for many centuries (though not forever) because atmosphericgases and soil acids and alkalis react slowly with it. This is also the reason aluminumis not found as a metal in its natural state.
Verwenden
As pure metal or alloys (magnalium, aluminum bronze, etc.) for structural material in construction, automotive, electrical and aircraft industries. In cooking utensils, highway signs, fencing, containers and packaging, foil, machinery, corrosion resistant chemical equipment, dental alloys. The coarse powder in aluminothermics (thermite process); the fine powder as flashlight in photography; in explosives, fireworks, paints; for absorbing occluded gases in manufacture of steel. In testing for Au, As, Hg; coagulating colloidal solutions of As or Sb; pptg Cu; reducer for determining nitrates and nitrites; instead of Zn for generating hydrogen in testing for As. Forms complex hydrides with lithium and boron, such as LiAlH4, which are used in preparative organic chemistry.
Vorbereitung Methode
Aluminum production involves four main steps: bauxite
mining,refining of bauxite to yield alumina; electrolytic
reduction of alumina to yield aluminum; and aluminum
casting into ingots.
Definition
aluminium: Symbol Al. A silverywhitelustrous metallic element belongingto group 3 (formerly IIIB) ofthe periodic table; a.n. 13; r.a.m.26.98; r.d. 2.7; m.p. 660°C; b.p.2467°C. The metal itself is highly reactivebut is protected by a thintransparent layer of the oxide, whichforms quickly in air. Aluminium andits oxide are amphoteric. The metalis extracted from purified bauxite(Al
2O
3) by electrolysis; the mainprocess uses a Hall–Heroult cell butother electrolytic methods are underdevelopment, including conversionof bauxite with chlorine and electrolysisof the molten chloride. Pure aluminiumis soft and ductile but itsstrength can be increased by workhardening.A large number of alloysare manufactured; alloying elementsinclude copper, manganese, silicon,zinc, and magnesium. Its lightness,strength (when alloyed), corrosion resistance,and electrical conductivity(62% of that of copper) make it suitablefor a variety of uses, includingvehicle and aircraft construction,building (window and door frames),and overhead power cables. Althoughit is the third most abundantelement in the earth’s crust (8.1% byweight) it was not isolated until 1825by H. C. Oersted.
Allgemeine Beschreibung
Aluminum metal held above melting point of 1220°F (660°C) for ease in handling. Cools and solidifies if released. Contact causes thermal burns. Plastic or rubber may melt or lose strength upon contact. Protective equipment designed for chemical exposure only is not effective against direct contact. Take care walking on the surface of a spill to avoid stepping into a pocket of molten aluminum below the crust. Do not attempt to remove aluminum impregnated clothing because of the danger of tearing flesh if there has been a burn.
Air & Water Reaktionen
Violent reaction with water; contact may cause an explosion or may produce a flammable gas (hydrogen). Moist air produces hydrogen gas. Does not burn on exposure to air.
Hazard
Aluminum dust and fine powder are highly explosive and can spontaneously burst intoflames in air. When treated with acids, aluminum chips and coarse powder release hydrogen.The heat from the chemical reaction can then cause the hydrogen to burn or explode. Purealuminum foil or sheet metal can burn in air when exposed to a hot enough flame. Fumesfrom aluminum welding are toxic if inhaled.
Health Hazard
Exposures to aluminum metallic powder have been known to cause health effects with
symptoms such as irritation, redness, and pain to the eyes, coughing, shortness of breath,
irritation to the respiratory tract, nausea, and vomiting in extreme cases. In prolonged
periods of inhalation exposures, as in occupational situations, aluminum metallic powder
is known to cause pulmonary fi brosis, numbness in fi ngers, and (in limited cases) brain
effects. Workers with pre-existing skin disorders, eye problems, or impaired respiratory
function are known to be more susceptible to the effects of aluminum metallic powder.
Brandgefahr
Substance is transported in molten form at a temperature above 705°C (1300°F). Violent reaction with water; contact may cause an explosion or may produce a flammable gas. Will ignite combustible materials (wood, paper, oil, debris, etc.). Contact with nitrates or other oxidizers may cause an explosion. Contact with containers or other materials, including cold, wet or dirty tools, may cause an explosion. Contact with concrete will cause spalling and small pops.
Industrielle Verwendung
Alloying aluminum with various elementsmarkedly improves mechanical properties,strength primarily, at only a slight sacrifice indensity, thus increasing specific strength, orstrength-to-weight ratio. Traditionally, wroughtalloys have been produced by thermomechanicallyprocessing cast ingot into mill productssuch as billet, bar, plate, sheet, extrusions, andwire. For some alloys, however, such mill productsare now made by similarly processing“ingot” consolidated from powder. Such alloysare called PM (powder metal) wrought alloysor simply PM alloys. To distinguish the traditionaltype from these, they are now sometimesreferred to as ingot-metallurgy (IM) alloys oringot-cast alloys. Another class of PM alloysare those used to make PM parts by pressingand sintering the powder to near-net shape.There are also many cast alloys. All told, thereare about 100 commercial aluminum alloys.
mögliche Exposition
Most hazardous exposures to aluminum occur in smelting and refining processes. Aluminum is mostly produced by electrolysis of Al2O3 dissolved in molten cryolite (Na3AlF6). Aluminum is alloyed with copper, zinc, silicon, magnesium, manganese, and nickel; special additives may include chromium, lead, bismuth, titanium, zirconium, and vanadium. Aluminum and its alloys can be extruded or processed in rolling mills, wire works, forges, or foundries; and are used in the shipbuilding, electrical, building, aircraft, automobile, light engineering, and jewelry industries. Aluminum foil is widely used in packaging. Powdered aluminum is used in the paints and pyrotechnic industries. Alumina, emery, and corundum has been used for abrasives, refractories, and catalysts; and in the past in the first firing of china and pottery.
Carcinogenicity
Most animal studies have failed to demonstrate carcinogenicity
attributable to aluminum administered by various
routes in rats, rabbits, mice, and guinea pigs. Some of
these studies even suggested some antitumor activity.
However, aluminum was found to cause cancer in a few
experimental studies such as sarcomas in rats when
implanted subcutaneously. This observation was attributed
to the dimensions of the implants rather than the
chemical composition.
Significantly increased incidence of gross tumors was
reported in male Long Evans rats and lymphoma leukemia
in female Swiss mice given aluminum potassium sulfate in
drinking water respectively for 2–2.5 years. A
dose–response relationship could not be determined for
either species because only one dose of aluminum was
used and the type of tumors and organs in which they
were found were not specified.
Environmental Fate
Aluminum binds diatomic phosphates and possibly depletes
phosphate, which can lead to osteomalacia. High aluminum
serum values and high aluminum concentration in the bone
interfere with the function of vitamin D. The incorporation of
aluminum in the bone may interfere with deposition of
calcium; the subsequent increase of calcium in the blood may
inhibit release of parathyroid hormones by the parathyroid
gland. The mechanism by which aluminum concentrates in the
brain is not known; it may interfere with the blood brain barrier.
Lager
Aluminum metallic powder should be kept stored in a tightly closed container, in a cool, dry, ventilated area, protected against physical damage and isolated from sources of heat, ignition, smoking areas, and moisture. Aluminum metallic powder should be kept away from acidic, alkaline, combustible, and oxidizing materials and separate from halogenated compounds.
Versand/Shipping
UN1309 Aluminum powder, coated, Hazard Class: 4.1; Labels: 4.1-Flammable solid. UN1383 Pyrophoric metals, n.o.s. or Pyrophoric alloys, n.o.s., Hazard Class: 4.2; Labels: 4.2-Spontaneously combustible material, Technical Name Required. UN1396 Aluminum powder, uncoated, Hazard Class: 4.3; Labels: 4.3-Dangerous when wet material. NA9260 (North America) Aluminum, molten, Hazard class: 9; Labels: 9-Miscellaneous hazardous material.
Structure and conformation
The space lattice of Al belongs to the cubic system, and its face centered cubic lattice has a lattice constant of a=0.404145 nm (25 ℃).
Inkompatibilitäten
Aluminum powder forms an explosive mixture with air and is a strong reducing agent that reacts violently with oxidizers, strong bases; strong acids; somehalogenated hydrocarbons; nitrates, sulfates, metal oxides and many other substances. Keep away from combustible materials.
Waste disposal
Consult with environmental regulatory agencies for guidance on acceptable disposalpractices. Generators of waste containing this contaminant (≥100 kg/mo) must conform with EPA regulations governing storage, transportation, treatment, and waste disposal of Aluminum Oxide-Disposal in a sanitary landfill. Mixing of industrial process wastes and municipal wastes at such sites is not encouraged however. Aluminum powder may be recovered and sold as scrap. Recycling and recovery is a viable option to disposal for aluminum metal and aluminum fluoride (A-57).
Vorsichtsmaßnahmen
The dry powder is stable but the damp or moist bulk dust may heat spontaneously and
form flammable hydrogen gas. Moist aluminum powder may ignite in air, with the formation of flammable hydrogen gas and a combustible dust. Powdered material may form
explosive dust-air mixtures. Contact with water, strong acids, strong bases, or alcohols
releases flammable hydrogen gas. The dry powder can react violently or explosively with
many inorganic and organic chemicals
Aluminium Upstream-Materialien And Downstream Produkte
Upstream-Materialien
Downstream Produkte
