Kaliumchlorid Chemische Eigenschaften,Einsatz,Produktion Methoden
ERSCHEINUNGSBILD
FARBLOSE, HYGROSKOPISCHE KRISTALLE
ARBEITSPLATZGRENZWERTE
TLV nicht festgelegt (ACGIH 2005).
MAK nicht festgelegt (DFG 2005).
AUFNAHMEWEGE
Aufnahme in den Körper durch Verschlucken.
INHALATIONSGEFAHREN
Verdampfen bei 20°C vernachlässigbar; eine belästigende Partikelkonzentration in der Luft kann jedoch beim Dispergieren schnell erreicht werden, besonders als Pulver.
WIRKUNGEN BEI KURZZEITEXPOSITION
WIRKUNGEN BEI KURZZEITEXPOSITION: Die Substanz reizt die Augen und die Atemwege. Möglich sind Auswirkungen auf das Herz-Kreislaufsystem mit nachfolgenden Herzrhythmusstörungenbei Aufnahme großer Mengen.
LECKAGE
Verschüttetes Material in Behältern sammeln. Reste sorgfältig sammeln. An sicheren Ort bringen. Persönliche Schutzausrüstung: Atemschutzgerät, P1-Filter für inerte Partikel.
R-Sätze Betriebsanweisung:
R36:Reizt die Augen.
R34:Verursacht Verätzungen.
R11:Leichtentzündlich.
S-Sätze Betriebsanweisung:
S24/25:Berührung mit den Augen und der Haut vermeiden.
S39:Schutzbrille/Gesichtsschutz tragen.
S26:Bei Berührung mit den Augen sofort gründlich mit Wasser abspülen und Arzt konsultieren.
S22:Staub nicht einatmen.
S23:Gas/Rauch/Dampf/Aerosol nicht einatmen(geeignete Bezeichnung(en) vom Hersteller anzugeben).
S45:Bei Unfall oder Unwohlsein sofort Arzt zuziehen (wenn möglich, dieses Etikett vorzeigen).
S36/37/39:Bei der Arbeit geeignete Schutzkleidung,Schutzhandschuhe und Schutzbrille/Gesichtsschutz tragen.
S16:Von Zündquellen fernhalten - Nicht rauchen.
Beschreibung
Potassium chloride (KCl) is a metal halide salt that is used in a variety of areas. The dominant application of potassium chloride is to serve as a fertilizer, which offers potassium to plants and prevents them from certain diseases. Besides, it can be applied in food and medical industry. As a treatment for hypokalemia, potassium chloride pills are taken to balance the blood's potassium levels and prevent potassium deficiency in the blood. In food industry, it serves as a electrolyte replenisher and a good salt substitute for food, as well as a firming agent to give consistent texture to food, thus to strengthen its structure.
Chemische Eigenschaften
Potassium chloride occurs as odorless, colorless crystals or a white crystalline powder, with an unpleasant, saline taste. The crystal lattice is a face-centered cubic structure. Potassium chloride occurs naturally as the mineralsylvite (KCl) and as carnallite(KCl·MgCl2·6H2O); it is produced industriallyby fractional crystallizationof these deposits or of solutions fromlake brines. It has the interesting property of being more soluble than sodium chloride in hot water but less soluble in cold. It has low toxicity.
Verwenden
- Potassium chloride is a widely used reagent in biochemistry and molecular biology. It is a component of phosphate buffered saline (PBS, Product No. P 3813) and of polymerase chain reaction (PCR) buffer (50 mM KCl).
- KCl is also used in studies of ion transport and potassium channels.
- KCl is also utilized in the solubilization, extraction, purification, and crystallization of proteins.
- The use of KCl in the crystallization of histone core octamers has been reported.
Definition
ChEBI: Potassium chloride is a metal chloride salt with a K(+) counterion. It has a role as a fertilizer. It is a potassium salt, an inorganic chloride and an inorganic potassium salt.
Vorbereitung Methode
Potassium chloride occurs naturally as the mineral sylvite or sylvine;
it also occurs in other minerals such as sylvinite, carnallite, and
kainite. Commercially, potassium chloride is obtained by the solar
evaporation of brine or by the mining of mineral deposits.
Weltgesundheitsorganisation (WHO)
Potassium chloride has been used for many years to correct
potassium deficiency. The use of fast-acting tablets has been associated with
lesions of the gastro-intestinal mucosa, which have led to their general withdrawal.
Allgemeine Beschreibung
Potassium chloride (KCl) is a water-soluble metal salt that comprises of potassium and chlorine. It can be extracted from minerals and salt water. KCl can be used in industries such as cosmetics, food, biomedical, chemical and fertilizer.
Air & Water Reaktionen
Hygroscopic. Water soluble.
Reaktivität anzeigen
Potassium chloride is not in general strongly reactive. Violent reaction with BrF3 and with a mixture of sulfuric acid potassium permanganate mixture . Reacts with concentrated sulfuric acid to generate fumes of hydrogen chloride.
Health Hazard
Potassium chloride is an essential constituent of the body for intracellular osmotic pressure and buffering, cell permeability, acid-base balance, muscle contraction and nerve function.
SYMPTOMS: Large doses of Potassium chloride usually induce vomiting, so acute intoxication by mouth is rare. If no pre-existing kidney damage, it is rapidly excreted. Poisoning disturbs the rhythm of heart. Large doses by mouth can cause gastrointestinal irritation, purging, weakness, and circulatory disturbances.
Brandgefahr
Flammability data is not available, but Potassium chloride is probably nonflammable.
Landwirtschaftliche Anwendung
Muriate of potash or potassium chloride (KCl), is a major
potash fertilizer. It is water soluble and is generally
blended with other components to make it a multi-nutrient
fertilizer. It has a higher salt index than
potassium sulphate and is recommended for most crops
except tobacco, potato and grapes, which are sensitive to
chloride ions.
Pharmazeutische Anwendungen
Potassium chloride is widely used in a variety of parenteral and
nonparenteral pharmaceutical formulations. Its primary use, in
parenteral and ophthalmic preparations, is to produce isotonic
solutions.
Potassium chloride is also used therapeutically in the treatment
of hypokalemia.
Many solid-dosage forms of potassium chloride exist including:
tablets prepared by direct compression and granulation;
effervescent tablets; coated, sustained-release tablets; sustained-
release wax matrix tablets;microcapsules;pellets;
and osmotic pump formulations.
Experimentally, potassium chloride is frequently used as a model
drug in the development of new solid-dosage forms, particularly for
sustained-release or modified-release products.
Potassium chloride is also used widely in the food industry as a
dietary supplement, pH control agent, stabilizer, thickener, and
gelling agent. It can also be used in infant formulations.
Industrielle Verwendung
Potassium chloride is a colorless or white crystallinecompound of the composition KCl, usedfor molten salt baths for the heat treatment ofsteels. The specific gravity is 1.987. A bathcomposed of three parts potassium chloride andtwo parts barium chloride is used for hardeningcarbon-steel drills and other tools. Steel toolsheated in this bath and quenched in a 3% sulfuricacid solution have a very bright surface.A common bath is made up of potassium chlorideand common salt and can be used for temperaturesup to 900°C.
Potassium chloride is used in the porcelainenamel industry as a setting-up agent in titaniumcover coats. In general, the quantities ofpotassium chloride, when used as an electrolyte,will be approximately the same as sodiumnitrite, which it replaces. However, KCl doesnot aid tearing resistance as does nitrite. Themain advantage in using potassium chloride isthe freedom from yellowing or creaming whenused in a blue-white enamel. Potassium chloridemay exert an adverse effect on the glossand may cause a slight decrease in the acidresistingproperties of the enamel, although thelatter effect is somewhat debatable.
Sicherheitsprofil
A human poison by
ingestion. Poison experimentally by
ingestion, intravenous, and intraperitoneal
routes. Human systemic effects by ingestion:
nausea, blood clotting changes, carhac
arrhythmias. An eye irritant. Mutation data
reported. Explosive reaction with BrF3;
sulfuric acid + potassium permanganate.
When heated to decomposition it emits
toxic fumes of K2O and Cl-.
Lager
Potassium chloride tablets become increasingly hard on storage at
low humidities. However, tablets stored at 76% relative humidity
showed no increase or only a slight increase in hardness.The
addition of lubricants, such as 2% w/w magnesium stearate,
reduces tablet hardness and hardness on aging.Aqueous
potassium chloride solutions may be sterilized by autoclaving or
by filtration.
Potassium chloride is stable and should be stored in a well-closed
container in a cool, dry place.
läuterung methode
Dissolve it in conductivity water, filter it, and saturate it with chlorine (generated from conc HCl and KMnO4). Excess chlorine is boiled off, and the KCl is precipitated by HCl (generated by dropping conc HCl into conc H2SO4). The precipitate is washed with water, dissolved in conductivity water at 90-95o, and crystallised by cooling to about -5o. The crystals are drained at the centrifuge, dried in a vacuum desiccator at room temperature, then fused in a platinum dish under N2, cooled and stored in a desiccator. Potassium chloride has also been sublimed in a stream of pre-purified N2 gas and collected by electrostatic discharge [Craig & McIntosh Can J Chem 30 448 1952].
Inkompatibilitäten
Potassium chloride reacts violently with bromine trifluoride and
with a mixture of sulfuric acid and potassium permanganate. The
presence of hydrochloric acid, sodium chloride, and magnesium
chloride decreases the solubility of potassium chloride in water.
Aqueous solutions of potassium chloride form precipitates with
lead and silver salts.
Intravenous aqueous potassium chloride solutions are incompatible
with protein hydrolysate.
Regulatory Status
GRAS listed. Accepted as a food additive in Europe. Included in the
FDA Inactive Ingredients Database (injections, ophthalmic preparations,
oral capsules, and tablets). Included in nonparenteral and
parenteral medicines licensed in the UK. Included in the Canadian
List of Acceptable Non-medicinal Ingredients.
Einzelnachweise
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Potassium_chloride
https://www.drugbank.ca/drugs/DB00761
http://study.com/academy/lesson/what-is-potassium-chloride-uses-formula-side-effects.html
Kaliumchlorid Upstream-Materialien And Downstream Produkte
Upstream-Materialien
Downstream Produkte
