グラモキソン 化学特性,用途語,生産方法
外観
白色〜うすい黄灰色又はうすい黄褐色, 結晶性粉末〜粉末又は塊
溶解性
水に易溶 (70g/100ml, 20℃)。アルコール, アセトンに難溶。水に極めて溶けやすく、エタノール及びアセトンに溶けにくい。
解説
パラコート,無色の結晶.分解点340 ℃.水溶解度620 g L-1(20 ℃).光化学系Ⅰから電子を受けとり,酸素分子を還元して超酸化物を発生させ,細胞膜を損傷する非選択性除草剤.
用途
パラコート,白色結晶で水に溶ける。茎葉に処理することによって植物体内で活性酸素を生成し,ほとんどすべての雑草を枯死させる。土壌中では速やかに分解される。
用途
酸化還元酵素又は酵素系の水素(電子)受容体、供与体、中間電子伝達体。
用途
ビピリジニウム系除草剤の商品名で,一般名としてパラコートが用いられる。イギリスのICI社が,同系列の除草剤,ジクワットにひきつづいて,1950年代に開発した除草剤である。非選択的,非ホルモン系除草剤で,茎葉散布により接触的に殺草作用を示す。土壌表面で容易に吸着,不活性化するので,果樹園の下草の除草,非農地の除草に適し,水稲刈取り後のミズガヤツリ,マツバイの除草にも用いられる。パラコート, この薬剤は,光合成の明反応系から生ずる励起電子により還元を受け,さらに空気中の酸素により酸化されてもとの構造にもどる際に,生体内に過酸化物が生じ,これが殺草作用の原因となる。
製法
メチルビオローゲンともいう.ピリジンを金属マグネシウムと反応させて1,1′,4,4′-テトラヒドロ-4,4′-ビピリジンとし,これを空気酸化してビピリジンとしたのち,メチルクロリドでメチル化すると得られるパラコート.
使用上の注意
アルゴン封入潮解性あり
説明
Paraquat dichloride is a dark blue liquid, non-combustible, stable herbicide chemical. It is
incompatible with strong oxidising agents. On contact with fire paraquat decomposes gives
off irritating or toxic fumes (or gases), nitrogen oxides, and hydrogen chloride. Paraquat
dichloride contact and storage destroys metal. Paraquat dichloride hydrolyses in alkaline
media and reacts with aluminium to produce hydrogen gas.
Paraquat (N,N′-dimethyl-4,4′-bipyridinium dichloride) is one of the most widely used herbicides
in the world. Paraquat dichloride is a herbicide currently registered to control weeds
and grasses in many agricultural and non-agricultural areas. It is used preplant or preemergence
on vegetables, grains, cotton, grasses, sugar cane, peanuts, potatoes, and tree plantation
areas; post-emergence around fruit crops, vegetables, trees, vines, grains, soybeans,
and sugar cane. It is also used on non-crop areas such as public airports, electric transformer
stations, and around commercial buildings to control weeds. It has been reported that about
seven pesticide products are registered which contain the active ingredient paraquat dichloride
and classified as restricted use pesticides (RUPs). Paraquat dichloride and the products
are primarily intended for ‘Occupational Use’. In the United States, Paraquat is classified as
‘restricted commercial use’, and people must obtain a license to use the product.
化学的特性
off-white powder
一般的な説明
Colorless to yellow crystalline solid. Used as a contact herbicide and desiccant.
空気と水の反応
Water soluble.
反応プロフィール
Paraquat dichloride is stable in acidic media, but unstable in alkaline media. Paraquat dichloride is photochemically decomposed by UV irradiation in aqueous solutions and is rapidly inactivated by soil. The neat chemical may be sensitive to light. Paraquat dichloride is corrosive to metal and Paraquat dichloride can react with strong acids, bases, and oxidizing agents. Paraquat dichloride is hydrolyzed by alkali compounds and Paraquat dichloride is inactivated by inert clays and anionic surfactants.
健康ハザード
Can cause death due to severe injury to the lungs. The lowest lethal oral dose reported in humans is 43 mg/kg.
火災危険
Avoid strong oxidizers.
接触アレルゲン
Paraquat is a quaternary ammonium compound with herbicide
properties, as diquat. It is contained in Cekuquat? or
Dipril?. It can cause contact and phototoxic contact dermatitis,
acne, and leukoderma mainly in agricultural workers.
安全性プロファイル
A human poison by ingestion. Poison experimentally by ingestion, skin contact, intraperitoneal, intravenous, and subcutaneous routes. Human systemic effects by ingestion: acute renal failure, acute tubular necrosis, cough, diarrhea, dyspnea, headache, hyp
職業ばく露
Those engaged in manufacture,
formulation and application of this herbicide. Classified
for restricted use: limited to use by a certified applicator, or
those under applicator’s direct supervision.
輸送方法
UN2781 Bipyridilium pesticide, solid, toxic,
Hazard Class: 6.1; Labels: 6.1-Poisonous materials.
純化方法
Recrystallise the dichloride from MeOH/acetone mixture. It has also been recrystallised three times from absolute EtOH [Bancroft et al. Anal Chem 53 1390 1981]. Dry it at 80o in a vacuum. [Beilstein 23/8 V 30.]
不和合性
Incompatible with oxidizers (chlorates,
nitrates, peroxides, permanganates, perchlorates, chlorine,
bromine, fluorine, etc.); contact may cause fires or explosions.
Keep away from alkaline materials, strong bases,
strong acids, oxoacids, epoxides (hydrolysis), alkylarylsulfonate
wetting agents. Corrosive to metals. Decomposes
in presence of ultraviolet (UV) light. Decomposes in heat
(see physical properties, above) and in the presence of UV
light, producing nitrogen oxides, hydrogen chloride.
廃棄物の処理
Paraquat is rapidly inactivated
in soil. It is also inactivated by anionic surfactants.
Therefore an effective and environmentally safe disposal
method would be to mix the product with ordinary household
detergent and bury the mixture in clay soil. In
accordance with 40CFR165, follow recommendations for
the disposal of pesticides and pesticide containers. Must be
disposed properly by following package label directions or
by contacting your local or federal environmental control
agency, or by contacting your regional EPA office. Consult
with environmental regulatory agencies for guidance on
acceptable disposal practices. Generators of waste containing
this contaminant (≥100 kg/mo) must conform with
EPA regulations governing storage, transportation, treatment,
and waste disposal.
グラモキソン 上流と下流の製品情報
原材料
準備製品