鉛(II)ジアザイド 化学特性,用途語,生産方法
性質
アジ化鉛，アジ化水素酸の鉛塩。鉛アジドともいう。窒化鉛は誤称。化学式Pb(N3)2 式量291.26。アジ化ナトリウムの希水溶液をかき混ぜながら、これに酢酸鉛(Ⅱ)の希水溶液を加えると、針状晶として沈殿する。結晶は水中でも爆発しやすいので、工業的にはアジ化ナトリウム水溶液に約2％のゼラチンかデキストリンを加え、結晶の成長を防いで無定形粒状物として製造する。純粋なものは無色の結晶で、斜方晶系の安定型（α(アルファ)型）と、単斜晶系の不安定型（β(ベータ)型）が知られる（α型の比重4.71、β型の比重4.93）。冷水やエタノール（エチルアルコール）にはほとんど溶けないが、酢酸鉛(Ⅱ)の水溶液や希硝酸に溶ける。沸騰水にわずかに溶けるが、アンモニアを発して分解し非爆発性の物質となる。発火点は330℃で、点火またはわずかの衝撃、摩擦によって瞬間的に爆発する。起爆薬として軍事用の雷管、信管に用いられるが、結晶状のものはあまりに鋭敏であるなど欠点もある。酢酸アンモニウム水溶液に溶かし、二クロム酸ナトリウムを加えるか、亜硝酸ナトリウム水溶液中で硝酸を作用させて分解することができる。有毒。皮膚炎をおこす。［守永健一・中原勝儼］
解説
化学式Pb(N3)2。酢酸鉛(II)Pb(CH3COO)2とアジ化ナトリウムNaN3水溶液を混合すると，水に難溶性の無色の針状または粉末状の結晶として生成する。結晶には安定なα形(斜方晶系，比重4.71)と不安定なβ形(単斜晶系，比重4.93)の2形がある。熱水にはわずかに溶けるが徐々に分解してアンモニアを発生する。希硝酸，酢酸には溶ける。きわめて爆発性が強く，330℃程度に加熱するか，結晶を破砕したり摩擦するだけで水中でも爆発することがある。
株式会社平凡社 世界大百科事典 第２版について 情報
用途
起爆剤
用途
起爆薬
説明
Lead azide is a severe explosion risk and should be handled under water; it is also a primary detonating compound.
化学的特性
needles or white powder(s); prepared by reaction of dilute solutions of lead nitrate and sodium azide; used as a primary detonating compound for high explosives; α-Pb(N3)2: orthorhombic, a=0.663nm, b=0.546 nm, c=1.625nm; β-Pb(N3)3: monoclinic, a=0.509 nm, b=0.884nm, c=1.751 nm; γ-Pb(N3)2: a=0.622nm, b=1.051 nm, c=1.217 nm [MER06] [CIC73] [KIR78]
物理的性質
Colorless needles or white powder; density ~4.0 g/cm
3; explodes on heating at 350°C; slightly soluble in water, 230 mg/L at 18°C and 900 mg/L at 70°C; very soluble in acetic acid; insoluble in ammonia solution.
使用
As primer in explosives. In the form of dextrinated lead azide.
製造方法
Lead azide is prepared by the reaction of sodium azide with lead nitrate:
2NaN
3 + Pb(NO
3)
2 → Pb(N
3)
2 + 2NaNO
3.
調製方法
Lead azide crystallizes as colorless needles. It is a sensitive detonating agent, exploding at 350 °C. Lead azide is commonly prepared by the reaction between dilute solutions of lead nitrate and sodium azide. For safety, it is stirred vigorously to prevent formation of large crystals, which may detonate. Lead azide is usually precipitated with a protective material, such as gelatin, and then granulated. Lead azide is also used to prepare electrophotographic layers and for information storage on styrene–butadiene resins.
一般的な説明
Needles or white powder. Explodes at 350°C. Insoluble in water. May explode from shock, heat, flame or friction when dry. The primary hazard is the blast effect of an instantaneous explosion and not flying projectiles and fragments.
空気と水の反応
Insoluble in water.
反応プロフィール
Lead azide is unstable. May, when dry, decompose explosively if shocked, heated or subjected to friction. Forms violently explosive products with carbon disulfide. Can be sensitized to explosive decomposition by metal salts (copper or zinc) or by traces of strong acids [Sax, 9th ed., 1996, p. 298]. An explosion occurred by mixing Lead azide with 0.5% of calcium stearate, [MCA Case History No. 949].
危険性
Lead azide explodes on heating at 350°C or on percussion. Its detonation velocity is 5.1 km/sec (Meyer, E. 1989. Chemistry of Hazardous Materials, 2
nd ed. Englewood Cliffs, N.J.: Prentice Hall). It undergoes violent explosive reaction with carbon disulfide and forms shock-sensitive copper and zinc azides when mixed with the solutions of copper and zinc salts (Patnaik, P. 1999. A Comprehensive Guide to the Hazardous Properties of Chemical Substances, 2
nd ed. New York: John Wiley).
健康ハザード
Toxicity data for lead azide are not available.Its aqueous solution is toxic, exhibitingpoisoning effect of lead.
火災危険
MAY EXPLODE AND THROW FRAGMENTS 1600 meters (1 MILE) OR MORE IF FIRE REACHES CARGO.
発がん性
Results in an early study were
deemed inconclusive because dose levels were not considered
high enough. Rats were fed diets containing 100 or
200 ppm (6 or 12 mg/kg/day) sodium azide for 18 months
followed by 6 months of observation. An increase in pituitary
adenomas in the low-dose females compared to concurrent
controls was found, but in this study the incidence in the
control rats was unusually low compared to historical controls.
A similar result occurred with mammary tumors.
No carcinogenicity studies were found for hydrogen azide
or lead azide but lead should be used as an analog for the latter
chemical.
廃棄物の処理
Lead azide is decomposed by treatment withnitrous acid or ceric ammonium nitrate (Wear1981).
鉛(II)ジアザイド 上流と下流の製品情報
原材料
準備製品