3'-アジド-3'-デオキシチミジン 化学特性,用途語,生産方法
外観
白色～ほとんど白色, 結晶性粉末～粉末
溶解性
エタノール, 水に可溶。水に溶ける。
解説
エイズ（後天性免疫不全症候群）の治療薬。1960年代に制癌(せいがん)剤として開発された薬物。エイズの根本的治療薬とはならないが、臨床試験で延命効果が確認されている。AZT。
小学館 デジタル大辞泉について 情報 | 凡例
用途
薬理作用研究用。
用途
抗AIDSウイルス薬
用途
核酸アナログ逆転写酵素阻害
剤です。ヌクレオチドと構造が類似している
ため、ウイルス DNA ポリメラーゼ / 逆転写
酵素による基質の取り込みを競合的に阻害
し、DNA 鎖の伸長を停止することによりウ
イルス増殖阻害作用を示します。
用途
核酸アナログ逆転写酵素阻害
剤です。ヌクレオチドと構造が類似している
ため、ウィルス DNA ポリメラーゼ / 逆転写
酵素による基質の取り込みを競合的に阻害
し、DNA 鎖の伸長を停止することによりウィ
ルスの増殖阻害作用を示します。
効能
抗ウイルス薬, 逆転写酵素阻害薬
商品名
レトロビル (ヴィーブヘルスケア)
説明
Zidovudine, also known as azidothymidine (AZT), is an antiviral agent acting via reverse
transcnptase inhibition. It was first launched in the U.K. and subsequently introduced in
over a dozen countries for the management of severe manifestations of HIV infection. In
patients with AIDS and ARC, zidovudine reduces the risk of opportunistic infections and
prolongs survival time. In symptom-free patients it shows promise in halting further
immunological deterioration.
化学的特性
Off White Crystalline Powder
使用
Zidovudine is an antiretroviral drug that is clinically active against HIV-1 and is intended
to treat HIV-infected patients. Zidovudine is an analog of thymidine that inhibits replication of the AIDS virus. It also turned into mono-, di-, and triphosphates by the same cellular enzymes that catalyze phosphorylation of thymidine and thymidine nucleosides.
Zidovudine-triphosphate is then included in the terminal fragment of the growing chain of
viral DNA by viral reverse transcriptase, thus causing the viral DNA chain to break apart
in cells infected with the virus.
Zidovudine has been authorized for treating patients with AIDS. It significantly prolongs the life of the patient, although it has a number of toxic effects. Synonyms of this
drug are azidothymidine and retrovir.
適応症
Zidovudine was the first agent to be used to prevent the
transmission of HIV from a pregnant woman to her
child. It was given to the mother at 14 to 34 weeks’ gestation
and to the child for the first 6 weeks of life.
Current combination therapies employ zidovudine with
another NRTI and a protease inhibitor.
定義
ChEBI: A pyrimidine 2',3'-dideoxyribonucleoside compound having a 3'-azido substituent and thymine as the nucleobase.
抗菌性
Zidovudine is active against HIV-1, HIV-2 and HTLV-1.
獲得抵抗性
As with stavudine, mutations at position 41, 67 and 70, and
positions 210, 215 and 219 (the ‘thymidine analog mutations’)
of the reverse transcriptase genes are associated with
diminished antiretroviral efficacy.
一般的な説明
Zidovudine, 3'-azido-3'-deoxythymidine or AZT, is ananalog of thymidine that possesses antiviral activityagainst HIV-1, HIV-2, HTLV-1, and several other retroviruses.This nucleoside was synthesized in 1978 by Linand Prusoff as an intermediate in the preparation ofamino acid analogs of thymidine. A screening program directedtoward the identification of agents potentially effectivefor the treatment of patients with AIDS led to the discoveryof its unique antiviral properties 7 years later.
Zidovudine is recommended for the management of adultpatients with symptomatic HIV infection (AIDS or ARC)who have a history of confirmed Pneumocystis carinii pneumoniaor an absolute CD4
+(T4 or T
H cell) lymphocytecount below 200/mm
3 before therapy. The hematologicaltoxicity of the drug precludes its use in asymptomatic patients.Anemia and granulocytopenia are the most commontoxic effects associated with AZT.
空気と水の反応
Dust may form an explosive mixture in air. Water soluble. Hydrolysis occurs in strongly basic solutions .
反応プロフィール
Zidovudine is a azido compound. Azo, diazo, azido compounds can detonate. This applies in particular to organic azides that have been sensitized by the addition of metal salts or strong acids. Toxic gases are formed by mixing materials of this class with acids, aldehydes, amides, carbamates, cyanides, inorganic fluorides, halogenated organics, isocyanates, ketones, metals, nitrides, peroxides, phenols, epoxides, acyl halides, and strong oxidizing or reducing agents. Flammable gases are formed by mixing materials in this group with alkali metals. Explosive combination can occur with strong oxidizing agents, metal salts, peroxides, and sulfides.
火災危険
Flash point data for Zidovudine are not available; however, Zidovudine is probably combustible.
応用例（製薬）
An analog of thymidine formulated for oral or intravenous use.
作用機序
Zidovudine (AZT , ZDV) is an analogue of thymidine in which the azido group is substituted at the 3-carbon atom of the dideoxyribose moiety. It is active against RNA tumor viruses (retroviruses) that are the causative agents of AIDS and T-cell leukemia. Retroviruses, by virtue of RT, direct the synthesis of a provirus (DNA copy of a viral RNA genome). Proviral DNA integrates into the normal cell DNA, leading to the HIV infection. Zidovudine is converted to 5′-mono-, di-, and triphosphates by the cellular thymidine kinase. These phosphates are then incorporated into proviral DNA, because RT uses ZDV-triphosphate as a substrate. This process prevents normal 5′,3′-phosphodiester bonding, resulting in termination of DNA chain elongation because of the presence of an azido group in ZDV. The multiplication of HIV is halted by selective inhibition of RT and, thus, viral DNA polymerase by ZDV-triphosphate at the required dose concentration. Zidovudine is a potent inhibitor of HIV-1, but it also inhibits HIV-2 and EBV.
薬物動態学
Oral absorption: 65%
C
max 300 mg twice daily: 2.3 mg/L
Plasma half-life: 1.1 h
Volume of distribution: 1.6 L/kg
Plasma protein binding; 34–38%
Absorption and distribution
It is absorbed rapidly and almost completely following oral administration. Absorption is not significantly affected by food. It appears to undergo widespread body distribution. CNS penetration is fairly good. The semen:plasma ratio varies from 0.95 to 13.5 (mean 5.9). It is secreted into breast milk.
Metabolism and excretion
Following hepatic metabolism (glucuronidation), elimination is primarily renal. After oral administration, urinary recovery of zidovudine and its glucuronide metabolite accounted for 14% and 74% respectively of the dose, with a total urinary recovery of 90%.
In severe renal impairment, clearance was about half that reported in subjects with normal renal function Accumulation may occur in patients with hepatic impairment due to decreased glucuronidation.
臨床応用
Treatment of HIV infection in adults and children (in combination with
other antiretroviral drugs)
Reduction of maternal transmission of HIV to the fetus
副作用
In common with other drugs in this class, use has been associated
with episodes of fatal and non-fatal lactic acidosis
and hepatomegaly with steatosis. Careful clinical evaluation
is needed in patients with evidence of hepatic abnormality.
Myelosuppression may occur within the first 4–6 weeks of
therapy. Hematological parameters should be monitored during
this period, with prompt dose modification or switch if
abnormalities are observed. Treatment with reduced doses
may be attempted in some patients once bone marrow recovery
has been observed. Myopathy is rarely seen with the use
of the current dosing regimens.
Co-administration with drugs known to cause nephrotoxicity,
cytotoxicity or which interfere with red or white blood
cell number and function may increase the risk of toxicity.
Probenecid and trimethoprim may reduce renal clearance
of zidovudine, and other drugs that are metabolized by
glucuronidation may interfere with its metabolism.
安全性プロファイル
Moderately toxic by intravenousroute. Human systemic effects by ingestion: aplasticanemia, changes in blood cell count, convulsions or effect on seizure threshold, headache, nails, retinal changes.Human mutation data reported.
3'-アジド-3'-デオキシチミジン 上流と下流の製品情報
原材料
準備製品