チタン 化学特性,用途語,生産方法
外観
灰色の粉末
溶解性
水に不溶。冷酸に可溶。熱希塩酸及び熱希硫酸に溶けやすい。
主な性質
チタンはアルミニウムよりも１．５倍重いが、硬さがアルミニウムの６倍高い銀白色の金属
空気中では６００度まで安定で、水の中でも８０℃以上でないと腐蝕しない
チタンは塩水、酸化性の酸、アルカリにもよく耐え、極めて腐食されにくい
チタンは合金としてすばらしい性質を発揮する（先端技術に不可欠な金属）。軽く、耐熱性が高く、硬い材料として、モリブデン、クロム、タングステン、バナジウム、ジルコニウム、ニオブ、タルタン等との合金が作られている。
鉄との合金（フェロチタン）を溶鋼に添加すると鋳造品の品質が向上する
高純度?純白の二酸化チタンは全波長の光を反射するため、白色顔料として利用
真空イオン化処理など物理表面処理で表面硬化が可能
チタン合金は耐食性のある酸化物で覆われていて人体への影響が少ない（医療分野や、各種装身具に利用される）
液体の四塩化チタンは発煙性がある（飛行機より空中文字を描くための着色性発煙剤に好適）
解説
チタン，原子番号22の元素．電子配置[Ar]3d24s2の周期表4族遷移元素．原子量47.867(1)．安定同位体は46(8.25(3)％)，47(7.44(2)％)，48(73.72(3)％)，49(5.41(2)％)，50(5.18(2)％)．質量数38～63の同位体核種が知られる．チタン族元素の一。単体は銀白色の金属。軽くて硬く、耐食性・耐熱性にすぐれ、比強度は鉄の2倍、アルミニウムの6倍でほぼ炭素鋼に等しい。超音速航空機材・化学工業用耐食材などに利用。元素記号Ti 原子番号22。原子量47.88。
用途
合金材料、チタン化合物製造原料。
用途
飛行機の部品,鉄鋼材料の脱酸剤、合金
主な用途
- 輸送機器（航空機、機体、ジェットエンジン、ミサイル、ロケット部品、ヘリコプター、リニアモーターカー）
- 火力、原子力発電用の復水器（復水管、管板）
- 産業用機器（油化学用配管、塔櫓、熱交換器、プレート式熱交換器、切削工具）
- 電解反応用機器（ソーダー電解の電極、触媒）
- 電子?情報機器（燃料電池、磁気ディスク）
- 建材（屋根材、モニュメント、架橋ケーブル）
- 医療部品（人工骨）
- その他（鉄鋼添加材、塗料、印刷インキ、合成樹脂、製紙、化学繊維、ゴム、ガラス部品、スポーツ用品、装飾品）
説明
Titanium was discovered by the Reverend William Gregor in
1791, and is named after the ‘Titans’ of Greek mythology. The
metal was not isolated in a pure state until 1910, and useful
quantities were not available for industrial applications until
1946, when an economical purification process was developed.
化学的特性
Titanium is a silvery metal or dry, dark-gray amorphous, lustrous powder.
物理的性質
Positioned at the top of group 4 (IVB), titanium heads up a group of metals sometimesreferred to as the “titanium group.” Members of this group have some similar properties.Titanium’s density is 4.5 g/cm
3, which makes it heavier than aluminum but not as heavy asiron. Its melting point is high at 1,660°C, and its boiling point is even higher at 3287°C.Titanium metal is harder than steel but much lighter and does not corrode in seawater,which makes it an excellent alloy metal for use in most environmental conditions. It is alsoparamagnetic, which means that it is not responsive to magnetic fields. It is not a very goodconductor of heat or electricity.
同位体
There are 23 known isotopes of titanium. All but five are radioactive, rangingfrom Ti-38 to Ti-61, and have half-lives varying from a few nanoseconds to a few hours.The percentages of the five stable isotopes found in nature are as follows:
46Ti = 8.25%,
47Ti = 7.44%,
48Ti = 73.72%,
49Ti = 5.41%, and
50Ti = 5.18%.
名前の由来
It was named after “Titans,” meaning the first sons of the Earth as
stated in Greek mythology.
天然物の起源
Titanium is the ninth most abundant element found in the Earth’s crust, but not in pureform. It is found in two minerals: rutile, which is titanium dioxide (TiO
2), and ilmenite(FeTiO
3). It is also found in some iron ores and in the slag resulting from the productionof iron. The mineral rutile is the major source of titanium production in the United States.Although titanium is widely spread over the crust of the Earth, high concentrations of itsminerals are scarce. In the past it was separated from it ores by an expensive process ofchemical reduction that actually limited the amount of metal produced. A two-step processinvolves heating rutile with carbon and chlorine to produce titanium tetrachloride—TiO
2+ C + 2Cl
2 ?→ TiCl
4 + CO
2—which is followed by heating the titanium tetrachloridewith magnesium in an inert atmosphere: TiCl
4 + 2Mg ?→ Ti + 2 MgCl
2. As recently as theyear 2000, a method of electrolysis was developed using titanium tetrachloride in a bath ofrare-earth salts. This process can be used on a commercial scale that makes the productionof titanium much less expensive. Titanium was, and still is, a difficult element to extractfrom its ore.Titanium is found throughout the universe and in the stars, the sun, the moon, and themeteorites that land on Earth.
特性
As the first element in group 4, titanium has characteristics similar to those of the othermembers of this group: Zr, Hf, and Rf. Titanium is a shiny, gray, malleable, and ductile metalcapable of being worked into various forms and drawn into wires.
来歴
In 1791 Reverend William Gregor (1761–1817), an amateur mineralogist, discoveredan odd black sandy substance in his neighborhood. Because it was somewhat magnetic, hecalculated that it was almost 50% magnetite (a form of iron ore). Most of the remainder ofthe sample was a reddish-brown powder he dissolved in acid to produce a yellow substance.Thinking he had discovered a new mineral, he named it “menachanite,” after the Menachanregion in Cornwall where he lived. During this period, Franz Joseph Muller (1740–1825) alsoproduced a similar substance that he could not identify. In 1793 Martin Heinrich Klaproth(1743–1817), who discovered several new elements and is considered the father of modernanalytical chemistry, identified the substance that Gregor called a mineral as a new element.Klaproth named it “titanium,” which means “Earth” in Latin.
使用
As alloy with copper and iron in titanium bronze; as addition to steel to impart great tensile strength; to aluminum to impart resistance to attack by salt solutions and by organic acids; to remove traces of oxygen and nitrogen from incandescent lamps. Surgical aid (fracture fixation).
調製方法
Titanium is the ninth most abundant element and accounts for about 0.63% of the Earth’s crust. Analyses of rock samples from the moon indicate that titanium is far more abundant there; some lunar rocks consist of 12% titanium by weight. World production of titanium sponge metal was estimated at 69,000 metric tons in 1991. The most important titaniumbearing minerals are ilmenite, rutile, and leucoxene. Ilmenite (FeTiO
3) is found in beach sands (Australia, India, and Florida) and in rock deposits associated with iron (Norway and Finland). Ilmenite accounts for about 91%of the world’s consumption of titanium minerals and world resources of anatase, ilmenite, and rutile total more than 2 billion tons. Rutile (a form ofTiO
2) is less abundant; its chief source is certain Australian beach sands. Two other less prominent forms of TiO2 exist, anatase and brookite. The ores vary around the world in TiO
2 content from 39% to 96%. Anatase is used as a food color.
定義
A silvery
transition metal that occurs in various ores
as titanium(IV) oxide and also in combination
with iron and oxygen. It is extracted
by conversion of titanium(IV) oxide to the
chloride, which is reduced to the metal by
heating with sodium. Titanium is reactive
at high temperatures. It is used in the aerospace
industry as it is strong, resistant to
corrosion, and has a low density. It forms
compounds with oxidation states +4, +3,
and +2, the +4 state being the most stable.
Symbol: Ti; m.p. 1660°C; b.p. 3287°C;
r.d. 4.54 (20°C); p.n. 22; r.a.m. 47.867.
一般的な説明
TITANIUM is a gray lustrous powder. TITANIUM can be easily ignited and burns with an intense flame. The very finely powdered material may be ignited by sparks.
空気と水の反応
Highly flammable. Pyrophoric in dust form [Bretherick 1979, p. 104]. Titanium is water-reactive at 700C, releasing hydrogen, which may cause an explosion [Subref: Mellor, 1941, vol. 7, 19].
反応プロフィール
TITANIUM reacts violently with cupric oxide and lead oxide when heated. When titanium is heated with potassium chlorate, potassium nitrate, or potassium permanganate, an explosion occurs [Mellor 7:20. 1946-47]. The residue from the reaction of titanium with red fuming nitric acid exploded violently when the flask was touched [Allison 1969]. Liquid oxygen gives a detonable mixture when combined with powdered titanium, [Kirchenbaum 1956].
危険性
Almost all of titanium’s compounds, as well as the pure metal when in powder form, areextremely flammable and explosive. Titanium metal will ignite in air at 1200°C and willburn in an atmosphere of nitrogen. Titanium fires cannot be extinguished by using water orcarbon dioxide extinguishers. Sand, dirt, or special foams must be used to extinguish burningtitanium.
健康ハザード
Inhalation of metal powder may cause coughing,irritation of the respiratory tract, anddyspnea. Intramuscular administration of titaniumin rats caused tumors in blood. Animalcarcinogenicity is not fully established.Human carcinogenicity is not known.
火災危険
Flammable/combustible material. May ignite on contact with moist air or moisture. May burn rapidly with flare-burning effect. Some react vigorously or explosively on contact with water. Some may decompose explosively when heated or involved in a fire. May re-ignite after fire is extinguished. Runoff may create fire or explosion hazard. Containers may explode when heated.
安全性プロファイル
Questionable
carcinogen with experimental tumorigenic
data. Experimental reproductive effects.
The dust may ignite spontaneously in air.
Flammable when exposed to heat or flame
or by chemical reaction. Titanium can burn
in an atmosphere of carbon dioxide,
nitrogen, or air. Also reacts violently with
BrF3, CuO, PbOx (Ni + KClO3), metaloxy
salts, halocarbons, halogens, CO2, metal
carbonates, Al, water, AgF, O2 , nitryl
fluoride, HNO3,O2, KClO3, KNO3 ,
KMnO4, steam @ 704°, trichloroethylene,
trichlorotrifluoroethane. Ordinary
extinguishers are often ineffective against
titanium fires. Such fires require special
extinguishers designed for metal fires. In
airtight enclosures, titanium fires can be
controlled by the use of argon or helium.
Titanium, in the absence of moisture, burns
slowly, but evolves much heat. The
application of water to burning titanium can
cause an explosion. Finely dwided titanium
dust and powders, like most metal powders,
are potential explosion hazards when
exposed to sparks, open flame, or high-heat
sources. See also TITANIUM
COMPOUNDS, POWDERED METALS,
and MAGNESIUM.
職業ばく露
Titanium metal, because of its low weight, high strength, and heat resistance, is used in the aerospace and aircraft industry as tubing, fittings, fire walls; cowlings, skin sections; jet compressors; and it is also used in surgical appliances. It is used, too, as controlwire casings in nuclear reactors, as a protective coating for mixers in the pulp-paper industry and in other situations in which protection against chlorides or acids is required; in vacuum lamp bulbs and X-ray tubes; as an addition to carbon and tungsten in electrodes and lamp filaments; and to the powder in the pyrotechnics industry. It forms alloys with iron, aluminum, tin, and vanadium, of which ferrotitanium is especially important in the steel industry. Other titanium compounds are utilized in smoke screens, as mordants in dyeing; in the manufacture of cemented metal carbides; as thermal insulators; and in heat resistant surface coatings in paints and plastics.
特性
酸化チタン
・優れた白色度、隠ぺい力
・化学的に安定
金属チタン
・軽くて強い
・海水中での耐食性は白金
に匹敵
・存在量が比較的豊富
環境運命予測
Titanium is poorly absorbed by plants and animals and is
retained to only a certain extent. High levels of titanium in food
products can be detects, however, when soil is contaminated by
fly-ash fallout or titanium-containing sewage residues and
when titanium dioxide is used as a food whitener. Food, which
is considered to be the most important source of exposure to
titanium, contributes >99% of the daily intake of the element.
There are no relevant tolerable intakes for titanium against
which to compare estimated dietary intake. Typical diets may
contain approximately 0.3–0.5 mg titanium.
Titanium content of soil generally ranges from 0.3 to 6%,
high levels of which are found in the vicinity of power plants
because of combustion of coal.
Titanium concentrations in the atmosphere are comparatively
low. Annual average concentrations in urban air are
mostly <0.1 mgm
-3 and they are lower still in rural air. Air
concentrations up to 0.5 mgm
-3 have been reported in urban
and industrialized areas.
輸送方法
UN2546 Titanium powder, dry, Hazard Class: 4.2; Labels: 4.2-Spontaneously combustible material.
不和合性
Powder and dust may ignite spontaneously in air. Violent reactions occur on contact with water, steam, halocarbons, halogens, and aluminum. The dry powder is a strong reducing agent; Incompatible with oxidizers (chlorates, nitrates, peroxides, permanganates, perchlorates, chlorine, bromine, fluorine, etc.); contact may cause firesor explosions. Keep away from alkaline materials, strong bases, strong acids, oxoacids, epoxides.
チタン 上流と下流の製品情報
原材料
準備製品