イットリウム 化学特性,用途語,生産方法
外観
銀灰色の削り状
性質
周期表元素記号＝Y 原子番号＝39原子量＝88.9059地殻中の存在度＝33ppm(26位)安定核種存在比 89Y＝100％融点＝1495℃ 沸点＝2927℃比重＝4.45電子配置＝［Kr］4d15s2 おもな酸化数＝III周期表第IIIA族に属する希土類元素の一つ。1794年フィンランドのガドリンJohann Gadolinは，スウェーデンのストックホルム近郊イッテルビーYtterby産の鉱物から新しい酸化物を発見し，産地にちなんでイッテルビアとよんだが，のちイットリア(イットリウムの酸化物の意)とよぶようになった。
イットリウムは，灰色の金属でYF3のCa金属による還元で得られる．融点1522 ℃，沸点3338 ℃．密度4.47 g cm－3(六方晶系)．標準電極電位 Y3＋/Y－2.37 V．第一イオン化エネルギー6.38 eV．空気中では容易に酸化される．酸に可溶，アルカリに不溶．希土類元素に含めるが，外殻電子は4d15s2でdグループの元素．イオン半径は0.106 nm でDy，Hoに近い．酸化数3．DyやHoの化合物に似た性質を示す．
発見
1794年、フィンランドのガドリンによりストックホルム近郊のイッテルビーYtterby産の鉱石中からみいだされ、新元素の酸化物として初めイッテルビアとよばれた。これはのちに、イットリア、テルビア、エルビアの3種に分けられたが、そのうちのイットリアから新元素として確認されたのでイットリウムと命名された。おもな鉱石はガドリン石、モナズ石、ゼノタイムなど。銀白色の金属で、展性、延性はない。空気中で表面が酸化されやすい。熱水で分解され、酸に溶けるが、アルカリには溶けない。希土類元素のなかでは、化学的性質からイットリウム族として分類される。
溶解性
水に難溶。酸に溶け、水にほとんど溶けない。
解説
Y．原子番号39の元素．電子配置[Kr]4d15s2の周期表3族ランタノイド元素．希土類元素イットリウム族の一つ．当初，発見者のJ. Gadolinは元素名を，鉱物ガドリン石の産地スウェーデンの村名ytterbyにちなんでytterbiumとしたが，のちにyttriumに短縮され，ytterbiumは70番元素に与えられた．宇田川榕菴は，天保8年(1837年)に出版した「舎密開宗」で依多馏母(イトリュウム)としている．原子量88.90585(2)．質量数89(100％)の安定同位体と，質量数76～108までの放射性同位体が知られている．1794年にJ. Gadolinにより発見され，分離は，1843年，C.G. Mosanderによりなされた．ガドリン石，モナズ石，ゼノタイムなどに含まれる．地殻中の存在度20 ppm．埋蔵量一位は中国，ついでアメリカ，オーストラリア．化合物は一般に無色．希土類と同様に酸化物，フッ化物，シュウ酸塩，水酸化物などは水に不溶，塩化物，硫酸塩は水に易溶．イットリウムの水酸化物はランタンよりは弱いが，かなり強い塩基性をもっている．YBa2Cu3O7(YBCO)は高温超伝導体の一つで，超伝導転移温度－93 K(－180 ℃)．酸化イットリウムY2O3はユウロピウム賦活赤色蛍光体として，カラーテレビなどに多量に使用されている．Y2O3は可視光に透明なセラミックスの原料となる．Eu：Y2O2SはX線イメージインテンシファイア，YAG(yttrium aluminium garnet)：Y3Al5O12はレーザー素子として有名である．YIG(yttrium iron garnet)：Y3Fe5O12は，たとえば高周波用アイソレーターとして携帯電話の部品に用いられる．森北出版「化学辞典（第2版）
用途
新素材研究用。
用途
カラーブラウン管蛍光体,高演色蛍光体,水銀灯,ガーネットレーザ ,ガーネットマイクロウェーブ,ガーネット磁気バブルメモリー,原 子力,セラミックス酸素センサー,ジルコニアセラミックス,窒化ケイ 素セラミックス,セラミックスコンデンサー,高温超電導,メタル耐熱 合金,メタル超磁歪,高屈折ガラス
用途
高純度金属。
使用上の注意
純度は金属ベースで差数法によって算出したもので、重量又は容量分析等の化学的方法によるものではありません。使用目的により、正確な含量が必要な場合は、それらの方法によって測定する必要があります。不活性ガス封入
化学的特性
Yttrium is a silvery-white to dark-gray, or
black solid or gray powder. Odorless. An element in Group
III-B of the Periodic Table. It is very similar to the rare
earth metals.
物理的性質
Yttrium is always found with the rare-earth elements, and in some ways it resembles them.Although it is sometimes classified as a rare-earth element, it is listed in the periodic table asthe first element in the second row (period 5) of the transition metals. It is thus also classifiedas the lightest in atomic weight of all the rare-earths. (Note: Yttrium is located in the periodictable just above the element lanthanum (group 3), which begins the lanthanide rare-earthseries.Yttrium dissolves in weak acids and also dissolves in strong alkalis such as potassiumhydroxide. It will also decompose in water.Yttrium’s melting point is 1,522°C, its boiling point is 5,338°C, and its density is 4.469g/cm
3.
同位体
There are 50 isotopes of Yttrium. Only one is stable (Y-89), and it constitutes100% of the element’s natural existence on Earth. The other isotopes range from Y-77to Y-108 and are all produced artificially in nuclear reactions. The radioactive isotopeshave half-lives ranging from 105 nanoseconds to 106.65 days.
名前の由来
Yttrium was originally found with other elements in a mineral called
gadolinite that was discovered in a mine near the Swedish the town of Ytterby.
天然物の起源
Yttrium is the 27th most abundant element found on Earth, so it is not exactly correct tothink of it as “rare”—rather just difficult to find and extract from all the other similar elementsfound in its minerals.The mineral gadolinite that was discovered in a quarry near Ytterby, Sweden, was analyzedas (Ce,La,Nd,Y)2FeBe
2Si
2O
10. Today most yttrium is recovered from the ores of the mineralmonazite, which is a dark, sandy mixture of elements [(Ce,La,Th,Nd,Y)PO
4] and containsabout 50% rare-earths, including about 3% yttrium. The yttrium is separated from the otherrare-earths first by magnetic and flotation processes, which are followed by an iron-exchangedisplacement process. Yttrium’s ions are combined with fluorine ions that are then reduced byusing calcium metal that yields yttrium metal (3Ca + 2YF
3 → 2Y + 3CaF
2). This reductionprocess produces high-purity yttrium that can be formed into ingots, crystals, sponge, powder,and wires.
特性
Yttrium (
39Y) is often confused with another element of the lanthanide series of rareEarths—Ytterbium (
70Yb). Also confusing is the fact that the rare-earth elements terbiumand erbium were found in the same minerals in the same quarry in Sweden. Yttrium rankssecond in abundance of all 16 rare-earth, and Ytterbium ranks 10th. Yttrium is a dark silverygray lightweight metal that, in the form of powder or shavings, will ignite spontaneously.Therefore, it is considered a moderately active rare-earth metal.
使用
Although yttrium metal by itself is not very useful, it has many unusual applicationswhen combined as an alloy or as a compound with other elements. For example, whencombined with iron, it is known as garnet (Y
3Fe
5O
12), which is used as a “filter” in microwave communication systems. When garnets are made with aluminum instead of iron,they form semiprecious garnet gemstones (Y
3Al
5O
12) that resemble diamonds. Aluminumgarnets are referred to as “YAG” solid-state lasers because they are capable of intensifyingand strengthening a single frequency of light energy that is focused through a crystal ofgarnet. This produces a very powerful narrow band of light waves of a single color (microwave frequency). YAG-type lasers have found uses in the medical industry and as a cuttingtool for metals.When combined with oxygen and europium, yttrium produces the red phosphor used asa coating in color television screens to produce the bright red color. Yttrium is also used asan alloy metal and as a high-temperature coating on iron and steel alloys. It is used as a substance to deoxidize (remove the oxygen) during the production of nonferrous metals such asvanadium. Yttrium has the ability to “capture” neutrons, making it useful in the nuclear powerindustry. It is also used in the production of several types of semiconductors.
定義
A silvery metallic element
belonging to the second transition series.
It is found in almost every lanthanoid
mineral, particularly monazite. Yttrium is
used in various alloys, in yttrium–aluminum
garnets used in the electronics industry
and as gemstones, as a catalyst, and
in superconductors. A mixture of yttrium
and europium oxides is widely used as the
red phosphor on television screens.
Symbol: Y; m.p. 1522°C; b.p. 3338°C;
r.d. 4.469 (20°C); p.n. 39; r.a.m.
88.90585.
一般的な説明
Soft silvery-white metal in bulk. Dark-gray to black odorless powder. Mp: 1509°C; bp 2927°C. Density: 4.47 g cm-3 at 20°C. May irritate the respiratory tract if inhaled as a powder. May irritate the digestive tract if swallowed. Vapors may cause dizziness or suffocation.
反応プロフィール
YTTRIUM in bulk is stable in air due to the formation of oxide films. Powder or dust is light-sensitive and air-sensitive and flammable in the air and (Hazardous Chemicals Desk Reference, p. 861(1987)). Reacts with water to form gaseous hydrogen (H2). Reacts with strong oxidizing agents, strong acids, strong bases, and halogens. The products of these reactions are irritating and toxic.
危険性
As a powder or in fine particles, yttrium is flammable and may spontaneously ignite inmoist air. Some of its compounds, particularly those used in the semiconductor and electricalindustries, are very toxic if inhaled or ingested and should only be used under proper conditions.
健康ハザード
Yttrium compounds cause pulmonary
irritation in animals.
No effects in humans have been reported.
安全性プロファイル
It may have an
anticoagulant effect on the blood.
Flammable in the form of dust when reacted
with air, halogens.
職業ばく露
Yttrium is used in iron and other
alloys, in incandescent gas mantles, and as a deoxidizer for
metals. Yttrium metal has a low cross section for neutron
capture and is very stable at high temperatures. Further, it
is very inert toward liquid uranium and many liquid uranium
alloys. Thus, it may well have applications in nuclear
power generation. The metal is usually prepared by reduction
of the halide with an active metal, such as calcium. To
identify and analyze this element, X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy
is commonly employed.
輸送方法
UN3089 Metal powders, flammable, n.o.s.,
Hazard Class: 4.1; Labels: 4.1-Flammable solid. UN3178
Flammable solids, inorganic, n.o.s., Hazard Class: 4.1;
Labels: 4.1-Flammable solid.
不和合性
Flammable in the form of dust; may
form explosive mixture with air. A strong reducing agent;
reacts violently with oxidizers (chlorates, nitrates, peroxides,
permanganates, perchlorates, chlorine, bromine, fluorine,
etc.); contact may cause fires or explosions. Keep
away from alkaline materials, strong bases, strong acids,
oxoacids, epoxides, halogens. Yttrium nitrate is a combustible
material.
廃棄物の処理
Recovery is indicated wherever
possible. Specifically, processes are available for
yttrium oxysulfide recovery from color television tube
manufacture.
イットリウム 上流と下流の製品情報
原材料
準備製品