塩化ビニル 化学特性,用途語,生産方法
解説
エチレンの一塩素化物で，クロロエチレンともいう。化学式CH2＝CHCl。無色の気体，融点－159.7℃，沸点－13.70℃。塩化ビニルは，アセチレンに塩化水素を付加させる方法，あるいはまたエチレンに塩素を付加させて1,2‐ジクロロエタンCH2Cl･CH2Clとし，これを熱分解して脱塩化水素させる方法などで，工業的に生産されている。塩化ビニルの塩素は二重結合炭素に結合しているため，化学的に不活性で反応性に乏しい。
株式会社平凡社 世界大百科事典 第２版について 情報
用途
塩化ビニル樹脂は、汎用プラスチックとして多用される。酢酸ビニル、塩化ビニリデン、アクリル酸エステル、アクリロニトリル、プロピレン、エチレン、マレイン酸等との共重合樹脂にも使用される
製造
chloroethene．C2H3Cl(62.50)．CH2=CHCl．工業的には，1,2-ジクロロエタンを熱分解(脱塩化水素)してつくられる．この方法の工程は，(1)エテンと塩素をCuCl2触媒により液相約85 ℃ 以下で反応させ，1,2-ジクロロエタンを合成する，(2)1,2-ジクロロエタンをアルカリ洗浄および精留後，20～40 atm，約500 ℃ で熱分解し，生じる塩化ビニルを副生塩化水素から分離精製する，(3)この副生塩化水素は酸素(または空気)とともにさらにエテンと200～300 ℃，常圧ないし加圧下でCuCl2を触媒として反応させ(オキシ塩素化)，ふたたび1,2-ジクロロエタンをつくる．
C2H4 ＋ Cl2 → ClCH2CH2Cl(1)
ClCH2CH2Cl → CH2=CHCl ＋ HCl (2)
C2H4 ＋ 2HCl ＋ (1/2)O2 → ClCH2CH2Cl＋ H2O (3)
(2)～(3)の繰り返しにより，副生塩化水素は全部利用できる．無色の気体．融点－159.7 ℃，沸点－13.70 ℃．d040.9471．ラジカル重合やアニオン重合用の触媒によって容易に重合する．常温で長時間貯蔵する場合にはヒドロキノンなどの重合禁止剤を加える．ポリ(塩化ビニル)，塩化ビニリデン-塩化ビニル共重合体などの製造に用いるほか，塩化ビニリデンの原料となる．[CAS 75-01-4]
説明
Vinyl chloride is a colorless, flammable gas
with a sweet ethereal odor. It is shipped as a
liquefied compressed gas. Contact of the liquid
with the skin can result in freezing or frostbite.
Vinyl chloride has been established as a human
carcinogen. In addition, acute effects of vinyl
chloride exposure include irritation of the skin
and eyes on contact. Inhalation of concentrations of more than 500 ppm produces mild anesthesia.
Anhydrous vinyl chloride does not corrode
metals at normal temperatures and pressures,
but in the presence of moisture and elevated
temperatures, vinyl chloride accelerates the corrosion of iron and steel at elevated temperatures.
Vinyl chloride polymerizes readily when exposed to air, sunlight, heat, or oxygen, although
it is chemically stable as shipped with an inhibitor (phenol).
化学的特性
Vinyl chloride is a flammable gas at room
temperature, and is usually encountered as a cooled
liquid. The colorless liquid forms a vapor which has
a pleasant, ethereal odor. The odor threshold is variously
given as 260 ppm, 3,000 ppm (NJ fact sheet),
4000 ppm (NY fact sheet) in air and 3.4 ppm in water
(EPA Toxicological profile). Shipped as a liquefied
compressed gas.
物理的性質
Colorless, liquefied compressed gas with a faint, sweetish odor
使用
In the plastics industry to manufacture of polyvinyl chloride; in organic syntheses. Has been used as refrigerant, spray can propellant.
定義
ChEBI: A monohaloethene that is ethene in which one of the hydrogens has been replaced by a chloro group.
調製方法
VC was first synthesized in 1835 by Henri Victor Regnault
in the laboratory of Justus von Liebig. Industrial
production of VC began in 1930s. Ninety-eight percent
is used for polyvinyl chloride (PVC) production and the
remaining 2% for polyvinylidene chloride and chlorinated
solvents. The most common method for the production ofVC
monomer is based on cracking ethylene dichloride.
Over 95% of VC produced worldwide in 2006 was made by
this method. A less common method is by hydrochlorination
of acetylene. VC has been produced commercially in
the United States for over 70 years.
一般的な説明
A colorless gas with a sweet odor. Easily ignited. Shipped as a liquefied gas under own vapor pressure. Contact with the unconfined liquid may cause frostbite by evaporative cooling. Leaks may be liquid or vapor. Vapors are heavier than air. May asphyxiate by the displacement of air. Under prolonged exposure to fire or intense heat the containers may rupture violently and rocket. Suspected carcinogen. Used to make plastics, adhesives, and other chemicals.
空気と水の反応
Highly flammable. Forms polymeric peroxides that are explosive [Bretherick 1979. p. 164].
反応プロフィール
VINYL CHLORIDE is peroxidizable. Forms explosive polymeric peroxides in contact with air (in the presence of any of a variety of catalysts) [Bretherick 1979. p. 164]. Long storage in contact with air increases the concentration of the polyperoxides to hazardous levels [MCA Case History 1551. 1969]. The peroxides may initiate exothermic polymerization of the remaining material [Handling Chemicals Safely 1980.p. 958; Bretherick 1979. p. 160]. Light-sensitive. Many oxidizing agents apparently initiate polymerization (oxides of nitrogen, O2, etc.). May react with very hot water or steam to produce toxic fumes.
危険性
The vapor density is 2.16, which is heavier than air. It is toxic by inhalation, ingestion, and skin absorption. Vinyl chloride is a known human carcinogen. The TLV is 5 ppm in air. The four-digit UN identification number is 1086. The NFPA 704 designation is health 2, flammability 4, and reactivity 2; uninhibited, the values would be higher for reactivity. The primary uses are in making polyvinyl chloride and as an additive in plastics.
健康ハザード
The acute inhalation toxicity is of low order.Since it is a gas, the route of exposure isprimarily inhalation. The target organs arethe liver, central nervous system, respiratorysystem, and blood. Exposure to high concen trations can produce narcosis. A 30-minuteexposure to 30% vinyl chloride in air wasfatal to experimental animals. Chronic expo sure produced minor injury to the liver andkidneys. Such effects were noted at a 7-hourexposure daily to 200 ppm for 6 months.
Vinyl chloride is an animal and humancarcinogen. Rats subjected to 12 months’inhalation developed tumors of the lungs,skin, and bones. Occupational exposure tothis compound demonstrated an increasedincidence of liver cancer. Tabershaw andGaffey (1974) conducted epidemiologicalstudies on workers who had at least 1 year ofoccupational exposure to vinyl chloride. Thestudy indicated that cancers of the digestivesystem, respiratory system, and brain, as wellas lymphomas, were greater among peoplewho had the greatest estimated exposure tovinyl chloride.
火災危険
Flammable gas; heavier than air, density
2.2 (air=D 1), flame propagation and flash back fire hazard if the container is placed
near a source of ignition; autoignition tem perature 472°C (882°F); polymerization may
occur at elevated temperatures, which may
cause possible rupture of containers; fire extinguishing measure: stop the flow of gas;
water may be used to keep fire-exposed
containers cool. Vinyl chloride may decom pose under fire conditions, producing the
toxic gases carbon monoxide and hydrogen
chloride.
Vinyl chloride forms explosive mixtures
with air in a wide range; the LEL and UEL
values are 3.6% and 33.0% by volume in
air, respectively. It may undergo oxidation by
atmospheric oxygen, producing an unstable
polyperoxide that may explode (MCA 1969).
Such a reaction is catalyzed by a variety of
contaminants.
材料の用途
Steel is recommended for all piping, storage
tanks, and equipment used with vinyl chloride.
However, at elevated temperatures, vinyl chloride in the presence of moisture speeds its corrosion. Stainless steel is also an acceptable material to use with vinyl chloride. Copper and
copper alloys must not be used. Valves in vinyl
chloride service must not contain copper or
copper alloys. Acetylene may be present as an
impurity in vinyl chloride and can form an explosive acetyl ide when exposed to copper.
Asbestos, Teflon, lead, and carbon are satisfactory gasket materials for fittings and connections.
安全性プロファイル
Confirmed human
carcinogen producing liver and blood
tumors. Moderately toxic by ingestion.
Experimental teratogenic data. Experimental
reproductive effects. Human reproductive
effects by inhalation: changes in spermato-
genesis. Human mutation data reported. A
severe irritant to skin, eyes, and mucous
membranes. Causes skin burns by rapid
evaporation and consequent freezing. In
high concentration it acts as an anesthetic.
Chronic exposure has produced liver injury.
Circulatory and bone changes in the
fingertips have been reported in workers
handling unpolymerized materials.A very dangerous fire hazard when
exposed to heat, flame, or oxidzers. Large
fires of ths material are practically
inextinguishable. A severe explosion hazard
in the form of vapor when exposed to heat
or flame. Long-term exposure to air may result in formation of peroxides that can
initiate explosive polymerization of the
chloride. Can react vigorously with oxidizing
materials. Can explode on contact with
oxides of nitrogen. Obtain instructions for
its use from the supplier before storing or
handling ths material. To fight fire, stop
flow of gas. When heated to decomposition
it emits highly toxic fumes of Cl-. See also
CHLORINATED HYDROCARBONS,
ALIPHATIC.
職業ばく露
Vinyl chloride is used as a vinyl
monomer in the manufacture of polyvinyl chloride (vinyl
chloride homopolymer) and other copolymer resins. It is
also used as a chemical intermediate and as a solvent.
発がん性
Vinyl chloride is known to be a human carcinogen based on sufficient evidence of carcinogenicity from studies in humans.
輸送方法
UN1086 Vinyl chloride, stabilized, Hazard
Class: 2.1; Labels: 2.1-Flammable gas. Cylinders must be
transported in a secure upright position, in a well-ventilated
truck. Protect cylinder and labels from physical damage.
The owner of the compressed gas cylinder is the only entity
allowed by federal law (49CFR) to transport and refill
them. It is a violation of transportation regulations to refill
compressed gas cylinders without the express written permission
of the owner.
不和合性
Copper, oxidizers, aluminum, peroxides,
iron, steel. Polymerizes in air, sunlight, heat, and on
contact with a catalyst, strong oxidizers; and metals, such
as aluminum and copper unless stabilized by inhibitors,
such as phenol. Attacks iron and steel in presence of
moisture.
廃棄物の処理
Return refillable compressed
gas cylinders to supplier. Consult with environmental regulatory
agencies for guidance on acceptable disposal practices.
Generators of waste containing this contaminant
(≥100 kg/mo) must conform to EPA regulations governing
storage, transportation, treatment, and waste disposal.
Incineration, preferably after mixing with another combustible
fuel. Care must be exercised to assured to assure
complete combustion to prevent the formation of phosgene.
An acid scrubber is necessary to remove the halo acids
produced. A variety of techniques have been described
for vinyl chloride recovery from PVC latexes.
塩化ビニル 上流と下流の製品情報
原材料
準備製品