アルミニウム 化学特性,用途語,生産方法
外観
銀白色の粒状
定義
ALはアルミニウムの表示名称である。本品は、アルミニウムの微細に粉砕された粒子からなる金属元素である。
溶解性
希塩酸、希硫酸及び水酸化ナトリウム溶液に水素を発生して溶け、水及び有機溶媒にほとんど溶けない。
解説
アルミニウム，原子番号13の元素．電子配置[Ne]3s23p1の周期表13族金属元素．原子量26.981538(2)．質量数27の単核種元素，質量数22～37までの14種の放射性核種が存在する．元素名は古くから知られていたミョウバンalumのラテン名alumenから．IUPACではaluminiumであるがアメリカでは広くaluminumが用いられてる．宇田川榕菴は天保8年(1837年)に出版した「舎密開宗」で亜律密烏母(アリュミウム)としている．1825年にデンマークのHans Christian φrstedによって発見され，1827年にF. Wöhler(ウェーラー)によって金属が得られた．地殻中の存在度84100 ppm で，地球上に広く，かつ多量に存在する．多くの金属のアルミノケイ酸塩として，岩石・土壌の重要成分である．鉱物として長石，雲母などが代表的である．ルビー，サファイアは不純物を含んだAl2O3．資源としての鉱物はボーキサイト(酸化アルミニウム水和物)．
主な性質
- 軽い。鉄の約１／３の比重で軽量化に好適 表面の電波、光など反射性が高い 非磁性であり、磁気を帯びない無毒性であり、食品容器などにも適す スクラップ価値が高く、屑の再生使用がし易い (高リサイクル性)
- 展延性に富み、板、箔、管、棒、形などに容易に成形できる
- 酸化皮膜が大気中で自然につくられ、高い耐食性を持つ
- 純アルミから高力合金まで用途に応じて適切な強度を選定可能
- 塗装、アルマイト、着色など表面処理性に優れる
- 電気伝導度が銅の６０％程度とかなり高い
- 熱伝導性が高く、熱交換器に適す
- 表面の電波、光など反射性が高い
- 非磁性であり、磁気を帯びない
- 無毒性であり、食品容器などにも適す
- スクラップ価値が高く、屑の再生使用がし易い (高リサイクル性)
用途
合成原料、合金材料、触媒、還元剤。
用途
ドライ型恒温浴。
用途
塗料、還元剤。
用途
金属 (圧延品)?電線?ダイカスト原料 (化学工業日報社)
用途
合金材料、試薬として還元剤。
製造
アルミニウム通常の酸化数3．軟らかく，展延性に富み，アルミはくに加工される．容易に酸素と反応するので，空気中では金属表面は酸化物で覆われている．純金属は酸素と白色炎を発して酸化物Al2O3になる．ハロゲンとも活発に反応して三ハロゲン化物をつくる．酸化数3の化合物をつくる．両性元素で酸にもアルカリにも反応する．希塩酸に易溶，希硫酸にはゆっくり溶ける．水酸化アルカリとはアルミン酸塩M[Al(OH)4]を生成する．
化粧品の成分用途
着色剤
主な用途／役割
銀色用無機系着色剤。
主な用途
- アルミニウム缶?瓶のキャップ（ボディ、ふた）
- 自動車部品（エンジン、ホイール、熱交換器、バンパー、他）
- 二輪車、自転車部品（フレーム、エンジン、サスペンション、他）
- 航空機部品（ドア、主翼、胴体、窓枠、椅子、ヘリコプター）
- 鉄道車輌の車体（外板、床、天井、窓枠、リニアモーターカー）
- 船舶（上部看板、ＬＮＧタンク、漁船、ボート）
- 建材（サッシ、カーテンウオール、屋根、壁、内装材）
- 土木（橋の欄干、照明ポール、ガードレール、防音壁）
- 電気電子部品（ＶＴＲシリンダー、熱交フィン、電線、ケーブル、ブスバー、ロボット、プリント基板）
- 情報機器部品（ハードディスク、複写機ドラム、ポリゴンミラー、パソコン）
- エルギー機器部品（エアコン、モーター）
- 日用品（アルミ箔、鍋、やかん、ボンベ）
- スポーツ器具（野球バット、スキー、ストック、洋弓、矢）
使用上の注意
アルゴン封入
説明
Although aluminum was one of the last metals to be commercialized,
it has been recognized for centuries. Aluminum was
first recognized by the Romans as an astringent substance, and
they called it ‘alum.’ By the middle ages it was manufactured as
‘alum stone,’ a subsulfate of alumina and potash. In 1825, Hans
C. ?ersted was able to isolate a few drops of the raw material,
and by 1886 it had patents from both Charles Martin Hall of the
United States and Paul-Louis-Toussaint Heroult of France.
Aluminum was commercialized in industry by the end of the
nineteenth century.
化学的特性
Aluminum metallic powder is a light, silvery-white to gray, odorless powder. Aluminum
metallic powder is reactive and flammable. Aluminum is normally coated with a layer of
aluminum oxide unless the particles are freshly formed. There are two main types of aluminum powder: the “fl ake” type made by stamping the cold metal and the “granulated”
type made from molten aluminum. Pyro powder is an especially fi ne type of “fl ake”
powder. Aluminum powders are used in paints, pigments, protective coatings, printing
inks, rocket fuel, explosives, abrasives, and ceramics; the production of inorganic and
organic aluminum chemicals; and as catalysts. Pyro powder is mixed with carbon and
used in the manufacture of fi reworks. The coarse powder is used in aluminothermics.
物理的性質
Pure metallic aluminum is not found in nature. It is found as a part of compounds,especially compounded with oxygen as in aluminum oxide (Al
2O
3). In its purified form, aluminumis a bluish-white metal that has excellent qualities of malleability and ductility. Purealuminum is much too soft for construction or other purposes. However, adding as little as1% each of silicon and iron will make aluminum harder and give it strength.
Its melting point is 660.323°C, its boiling point is 2,519°C, and its density is 2.699 g/cm
3.
物理的性質
Emissivity of Al
Clean polished foil: 0.04 (300 K), 0.02 (78 K), 0.011 (2 K, λ: 14 mm)
Electrolytic polished Al after annealing: 0.07 (1000 K), 0.04 (500 K), 0.03 (300 K)
Commercial products: 0.09 (373 K)
同位体
There are 23 isotopes of aluminum, and only one of these is stable. The singlestable isotope, Al-27, accounts for 100% of the element’s abundance in the Earth’scrust. All the other isotopes are radioactive with half-lives ranging from a few nanosecondsto 7.17×10
+15 years.
名前の由来
From the Latin word alumen, or aluminis, meaning “alum,” which is a
bitter tasting form of aluminum sulfate or aluminum potassium sulfate.
天然物の起源
Aluminum is the third most abundant element found in the Earth’s crust. It is found inconcentrations of 83,200 ppm (parts-per-million) in the crust. Only the nonmetals oxygenand silicon are found in greater abundance. Aluminum oxide (Al
2O
3) is the fourth mostabundant compound found on Earth, with a weight of 69,900 ppm. Another alum-typecompound is potassium aluminum sulfate [KAl(SO
4)
2?12H
2O]. Although aluminum is notfound in its free metallic state, it is the most widely distributed metal (in compound form) onEarth. Aluminum is also the most abundant element found on the moon.
Almost all rocks contain some aluminum in the form of aluminum silicate minerals foundin clays, feldspars, and micas. Today, bauxite is the major ore for the source of aluminummetal. Bauxite was formed eons ago by the natural chemical reaction of water, which thenformed aluminum hydroxides. In addition to the United States, Jamaica and other Caribbeanislands are the major sources of bauxite. Bauxite deposits are found in many countries, butnot all are of high concentration.
特性
Alloys of aluminum are light and strong and can easily be formed into many shapes—thatis, it can be extruded, rolled, pounded, cast, and welded. It is a good conductor of electricityand heat. Aluminum wires are only about 65% as efficient in conducting electricity as arecopper wires, but aluminum wires are significantly lighter in weight and less expensive thancopper wires. Even so, aluminum wiring is not used in homes because of its high electricalresistance, which can build up heat and may cause fires.
Aluminum reacts with acids and strong alkali solutions. Once aluminum is cut, the freshsurface begins to oxidize and form a thin outer coating of aluminum oxide that protects themetal from further corrosion. This is one reason aluminum cans should not be discarded inthe environment. Aluminum cans last for many centuries (though not forever) because atmosphericgases and soil acids and alkalis react slowly with it. This is also the reason aluminumis not found as a metal in its natural state.
使用
As pure metal or alloys (magnalium, aluminum bronze, etc.) for structural material in construction, automotive, electrical and aircraft industries. In cooking utensils, highway signs, fencing, containers and packaging, foil, machinery, corrosion resistant chemical equipment, dental alloys. The coarse powder in aluminothermics (thermite process); the fine powder as flashlight in photography; in explosives, fireworks, paints; for absorbing occluded gases in manufacture of steel. In testing for Au, As, Hg; coagulating colloidal solutions of As or Sb; pptg Cu; reducer for determining nitrates and nitrites; instead of Zn for generating hydrogen in testing for As. Forms complex hydrides with lithium and boron, such as LiAlH4, which are used in preparative organic chemistry.
定義
aluminium: Symbol Al. A silverywhitelustrous metallic element belongingto group 3 (formerly IIIB) ofthe periodic table; a.n. 13; r.a.m.26.98; r.d. 2.7; m.p. 660°C; b.p.2467°C. The metal itself is highly reactivebut is protected by a thintransparent layer of the oxide, whichforms quickly in air. Aluminium andits oxide are amphoteric. The metalis extracted from purified bauxite(Al
2O
3) by electrolysis; the mainprocess uses a Hall–Heroult cell butother electrolytic methods are underdevelopment, including conversionof bauxite with chlorine and electrolysisof the molten chloride. Pure aluminiumis soft and ductile but itsstrength can be increased by workhardening.A large number of alloysare manufactured; alloying elementsinclude copper, manganese, silicon,zinc, and magnesium. Its lightness,strength (when alloyed), corrosion resistance,and electrical conductivity(62% of that of copper) make it suitablefor a variety of uses, includingvehicle and aircraft construction,building (window and door frames),and overhead power cables. Althoughit is the third most abundantelement in the earth’s crust (8.1% byweight) it was not isolated until 1825by H. C. Oersted.
調製方法
Aluminum production involves four main steps: bauxite
mining,refining of bauxite to yield alumina; electrolytic
reduction of alumina to yield aluminum; and aluminum
casting into ingots.
一般的な説明
Aluminum metal held above melting point of 1220°F (660°C) for ease in handling. Cools and solidifies if released. Contact causes thermal burns. Plastic or rubber may melt or lose strength upon contact. Protective equipment designed for chemical exposure only is not effective against direct contact. Take care walking on the surface of a spill to avoid stepping into a pocket of molten aluminum below the crust. Do not attempt to remove aluminum impregnated clothing because of the danger of tearing flesh if there has been a burn.
空気と水の反応
Violent reaction with water; contact may cause an explosion or may produce a flammable gas (hydrogen). Moist air produces hydrogen gas. Does not burn on exposure to air.
危険性
Aluminum dust and fine powder are highly explosive and can spontaneously burst intoflames in air. When treated with acids, aluminum chips and coarse powder release hydrogen.The heat from the chemical reaction can then cause the hydrogen to burn or explode. Purealuminum foil or sheet metal can burn in air when exposed to a hot enough flame. Fumesfrom aluminum welding are toxic if inhaled.
健康ハザード
Exposures to aluminum metallic powder have been known to cause health effects with
symptoms such as irritation, redness, and pain to the eyes, coughing, shortness of breath,
irritation to the respiratory tract, nausea, and vomiting in extreme cases. In prolonged
periods of inhalation exposures, as in occupational situations, aluminum metallic powder
is known to cause pulmonary fi brosis, numbness in fi ngers, and (in limited cases) brain
effects. Workers with pre-existing skin disorders, eye problems, or impaired respiratory
function are known to be more susceptible to the effects of aluminum metallic powder.
火災危険
Substance is transported in molten form at a temperature above 705°C (1300°F). Violent reaction with water; contact may cause an explosion or may produce a flammable gas. Will ignite combustible materials (wood, paper, oil, debris, etc.). Contact with nitrates or other oxidizers may cause an explosion. Contact with containers or other materials, including cold, wet or dirty tools, may cause an explosion. Contact with concrete will cause spalling and small pops.
工業用途
Alloying aluminum with various elementsmarkedly improves mechanical properties,strength primarily, at only a slight sacrifice indensity, thus increasing specific strength, orstrength-to-weight ratio. Traditionally, wroughtalloys have been produced by thermomechanicallyprocessing cast ingot into mill productssuch as billet, bar, plate, sheet, extrusions, andwire. For some alloys, however, such mill productsare now made by similarly processing“ingot” consolidated from powder. Such alloysare called PM (powder metal) wrought alloysor simply PM alloys. To distinguish the traditionaltype from these, they are now sometimesreferred to as ingot-metallurgy (IM) alloys oringot-cast alloys. Another class of PM alloysare those used to make PM parts by pressingand sintering the powder to near-net shape.There are also many cast alloys. All told, thereare about 100 commercial aluminum alloys.
職業ばく露
Most hazardous exposures to aluminum occur in smelting and refining processes. Aluminum is mostly produced by electrolysis of Al2O3 dissolved in molten cryolite (Na3AlF6). Aluminum is alloyed with copper, zinc, silicon, magnesium, manganese, and nickel; special additives may include chromium, lead, bismuth, titanium, zirconium, and vanadium. Aluminum and its alloys can be extruded or processed in rolling mills, wire works, forges, or foundries; and are used in the shipbuilding, electrical, building, aircraft, automobile, light engineering, and jewelry industries. Aluminum foil is widely used in packaging. Powdered aluminum is used in the paints and pyrotechnic industries. Alumina, emery, and corundum has been used for abrasives, refractories, and catalysts; and in the past in the first firing of china and pottery.
発がん性
Most animal studies have failed to demonstrate carcinogenicity
attributable to aluminum administered by various
routes in rats, rabbits, mice, and guinea pigs. Some of
these studies even suggested some antitumor activity.
However, aluminum was found to cause cancer in a few
experimental studies such as sarcomas in rats when
implanted subcutaneously. This observation was attributed
to the dimensions of the implants rather than the
chemical composition.
Significantly increased incidence of gross tumors was
reported in male Long Evans rats and lymphoma leukemia
in female Swiss mice given aluminum potassium sulfate in
drinking water respectively for 2–2.5 years. A
dose–response relationship could not be determined for
either species because only one dose of aluminum was
used and the type of tumors and organs in which they
were found were not specified.
環境運命予測
Aluminum binds diatomic phosphates and possibly depletes
phosphate, which can lead to osteomalacia. High aluminum
serum values and high aluminum concentration in the bone
interfere with the function of vitamin D. The incorporation of
aluminum in the bone may interfere with deposition of
calcium; the subsequent increase of calcium in the blood may
inhibit release of parathyroid hormones by the parathyroid
gland. The mechanism by which aluminum concentrates in the
brain is not known; it may interfere with the blood brain barrier.
貯蔵
Aluminum metallic powder should be kept stored in a tightly closed container, in a cool, dry, ventilated area, protected against physical damage and isolated from sources of heat, ignition, smoking areas, and moisture. Aluminum metallic powder should be kept away from acidic, alkaline, combustible, and oxidizing materials and separate from halogenated compounds.
輸送方法
UN1309 Aluminum powder, coated, Hazard Class: 4.1; Labels: 4.1-Flammable solid. UN1383 Pyrophoric metals, n.o.s. or Pyrophoric alloys, n.o.s., Hazard Class: 4.2; Labels: 4.2-Spontaneously combustible material, Technical Name Required. UN1396 Aluminum powder, uncoated, Hazard Class: 4.3; Labels: 4.3-Dangerous when wet material. NA9260 (North America) Aluminum, molten, Hazard class: 9; Labels: 9-Miscellaneous hazardous material.
Structure and conformation
The space lattice of Al belongs to the cubic system, and its face centered cubic lattice has a lattice constant of a=0.404145 nm (25 ℃).
不和合性
Aluminum powder forms an explosive mixture with air and is a strong reducing agent that reacts violently with oxidizers, strong bases; strong acids; somehalogenated hydrocarbons; nitrates, sulfates, metal oxides and many other substances. Keep away from combustible materials.
廃棄物の処理
Consult with environmental regulatory agencies for guidance on acceptable disposalpractices. Generators of waste containing this contaminant (≥100 kg/mo) must conform with EPA regulations governing storage, transportation, treatment, and waste disposal of Aluminum Oxide-Disposal in a sanitary landfill. Mixing of industrial process wastes and municipal wastes at such sites is not encouraged however. Aluminum powder may be recovered and sold as scrap. Recycling and recovery is a viable option to disposal for aluminum metal and aluminum fluoride (A-57).
予防処置
The dry powder is stable but the damp or moist bulk dust may heat spontaneously and
form flammable hydrogen gas. Moist aluminum powder may ignite in air, with the formation of flammable hydrogen gas and a combustible dust. Powdered material may form
explosive dust-air mixtures. Contact with water, strong acids, strong bases, or alcohols
releases flammable hydrogen gas. The dry powder can react violently or explosively with
many inorganic and organic chemicals
アルミニウム 上流と下流の製品情報
原材料
準備製品