ニトロセルロース 化学特性,用途語,生産方法
外観
無色〜わずかにうすい黄色, 澄明〜微濁の液体
定義
本品は、ピロキシリン(主としてニトロセルロース)のエタノール.エーテルの混液に溶解したものである。この溶液は、おおむね、ピロキシリン6%、エタノール24%及びエーテル70%からなる。
溶解性
水に難溶, アルコール, アセトンと混和。
解説
セルロイド，セルロースはD-グルコースがβ-1,4結合した親水性の直鎖状高分子であり，構成するグルコース基本単位には2位および3位に第二級ヒドロキシ基，6位には第一級ヒドロキシ基という，三つの異なる性質のヒドロキシ基を有している．これらのヒドロキシ基間の水素結合がセルロース分子内および分子間で形成されるため，セルロース自身は比較的剛直な性質を有しており，水，有機溶剤などに溶解することもない．このようなセルロース分子中のヒドロキシ基に，エーテル結合あるいはエステル結合で異なる置換基を導入することによって，溶解性，熱的性質，化学的性質などの異なる多様なセルロース誘導体が得られる．セルロース誘導体の性質は，セルロース自身の重合度，置換度，置換基分布などにもいちじるしく依存する．セルロース誘導体はセルロースエーテル類とセルロースエステル類に大別される．セルロースの誘導体化技術の進展には，各種セルロース溶剤の発見が大きく寄与した．セルロース溶剤の作用によってセルロース中の水素結合が切断され，セルロースは溶剤中に溶解する．そのため，誘導体化反応は均一系で進行することとなり，不均一系の場合に比較して反応性が向上する．セルロース誘導体の用途は，誘導体の種類によってフィルム，繊維，プラスチック，塗料，火薬，乳化安定剤など，非常に多様であるが，セルロースキサントゲン酸塩にして，それからセルロースを糸あるいはフィルム状に再生させて(再生セルロース)使用する場合もある．
用途
コロジオン、ラッカー、インキ、接着剤製造、セルロースヘキサナイトラートは爆薬、推進薬原料、セロジンは顕微鏡プレパラートの試料固定剤(備考欄参照)
用途
包埋剤、コロジオン膜として高分子化合物の分子量測定、写真用。
化粧品の成分用途
非活性剤系分散剤、結合剤、皮膜形成剤
主な用途／役割
速乾性の工作用接着剤原料として使用される。
化学的特性
Nitrocellulose is a pulpy, cotton-like solid, or
a colorless liquid solution.
使用
Nitrocellulose is used as a propellant in artillery ammunition, in small-arms ammunition, in chemical explosives, and in smokeless powder. It is made by reacting cotton with nitric acid.
製造方法
Cellulose nitrate is prepared according to the following reaction:
C6H10O5+HNO3-->[-C6H7O2(OH)(ONO2)2-]n
The nitrogen content for plastics is usually about 11%, for lacquers and cement base it is 12%, and for explosives it is 13%. The standard plasticizer added is camphor.
Key properties of cellulose nitrate are good dimensional stability, low water absorption, and toughness. Its disadvantages are its flammability and lack of stability to heat and sunlight.
定義
cellulose nitrate: A highly flammablematerial made by treating cellulose(wood pulp) with concentratednitric acid. Despite the alternativename nitrocellulose, the compound isin fact an ester (containing CONO
2groups), not a nitro compound(which would contain C–NO
2). It isused in explosives (as guncotton) andcelluloid.
一般的な説明
Pale yellow syrupy liquid with an ether-like odor. Floats on water. Produces an irritating vapor. Immiscible with water. Boiling point is around 94°F.
空気と水の反応
Highly flammable. Insoluble in water.
反応プロフィール
Nitrocellulose is a solution of pyroxylin in ether and alcohol with a flash point of approximately 0°F.
危険性
Flammable, dangerous fire and explosion
risk. Somewhat less flammable when wet.
健康ハザード
High concentration of ether fumes may cause narcosis, loss of consciousness and respiratory paralysis if inhaled. Contact with eyes causes irritation.
火災危険
Nitrocellulose is a white fibrous solid or amorphous powder. It is wetted with water, alcohol, or other solvent for handling and storage. It may be made to various forms, gel, flake, granular, or powder. Dry material is a low explosive and often used in combination with another explosive, such as nitroglycerine, to obtain more brisance for the composition. Dry nitrocellulose does not detonate but deflagrates. When wetted with water or alcohol, its sensitivity is considerably reduced.
Nitrocellulose presents three types of hazards. As mentioned earlier, it is an explosive compound. It explodes upon burning or friction. It is a flammable solid having a flash point of 13°C (55 °F). It can therefore ignite at ambient temperatures, thus presenting a severe fire and explosion hazard. It burns at a very rapid rate. The combustion products consist of extremely toxic gases: notably, hydrogen cyanide, carbon monoxide, and oxides of nitrogen.
Fires involving nitrocellulose should be fought with extreme caution. Unmanned fixed turrets and hose nozzles should be used. Since nitrocellulose produces oxygen on decomposition, a large volume of water should be applied through spray nozzles to cool the material and wet the entire surface. Self-contained breathing apparatus must be worn by firefighters for protection against highly toxic gases.
.
农业用途
Cellulose nitrate is a highly flammable material made by
treating cellulose (wood pulp) with a mixture of
concentrated nitric acid and concentrated sulphuric acid.
Despite the alternative name, nitrocellulose, cellulose
nitrate is an ester of cellulose containing -ONO
2 groups
and is not a nitro compound. It is used in explosives and
celluloid.
工業用途
Cellulose nitrates are materials made by treatingcellulose with a mixture of nitric and sulfuricacids, washing free of acid, bleaching,stabilizing, and dehydrating. For sheets, rods, and tubes it is mixed with plasticizers and pigmentsand rolled or drawn to the shape desired.The lower nitrates are very inflammable, butthey do not explode like the high nitrates, andthey are the ones used for plastics, rayons, andlacquers, although their use for clothing fabricsis restricted by law. The names cellulose nitrateand pyroxylin are used for the compounds oflower nitration, and the term nitrocellulose isused for the explosives.The outstanding toughness properties ofcellulose nitrate lead to its continuing use insuch applications as optical frames, shoe eyelets,ping pong balls, and pen barrels.
安全性プロファイル
Very low oral toxicity.
Flammable solid. Highly dangerous fire
hazard in the dry state when exposed to
heat, flame, or powerful oxidizers. When
wet with 35% of denatured ethanol it is
about as hazardous as ethanol alone or
gasoline. Dry cellulose tetranitrate burns
rapidly with intense heat and ignites easily.
Moderately dangerous explosion hazard. To
fight fire, use copious volumes of water;
alcohol foam. CO2 is effective in
extinguishing fires of nitrocellulose solvents.
See also EXPLOSIVES, HIGH.
職業ばく露
It is used in making explosives, rocket
propellants and celluloid.
環境運命予測
The physicochemical properties of nitrocellulose limit dispersion
throughout the environment. In addition to those noted
earlier, the melting point of the solid is relatively high (between
169 and 170℃), the flash point is 12.8 ℃, and nitrocellulose
is nonvolatile. Nitrocellulose is insoluble in water, and thus is
not detected in high concentrations in water, and tends to stay
on sediments. Direct decomposition of nitrocellulose is
unlikely, as the degradation process needs a severe chemical
reaction like alkaline hydrolysis to break its beta 1 → 4-
glucoside units bond linkages.
Because of its particulate character, specific gravity, and
low solubility, nitrocellulose particles tend to accumulate in
sediments in aqueous systems. The settled particles are very
stable and resistant to degradation for long periods of time.
They appear to remain unchanged in the environment. Their
biodecomposition by microorganisms is also not likely. No
studies are available on their long-range transport.
貯蔵
Nitrocellulose should be stored as a wetted substance and never allowed to go dry. Storage should be in a cool, well-entilated location isolated from all heat sources. Shipping should be in steel drums or barrels wet with 25-35% alcohol, water, or other solvent.
輸送方法
UN2555, UN2556 and UN2557 requires a shipping
label of “FLAMMABLE SOLID.” They fall in DOT
Hazard Class 4.1. UN0342 and UN0343 requires a shipping
label of “EXPLOSIVE.” They fall in DOT Hazard Class
1.3C.
不和合性
Dust and powder form explosive mixture
with air. Keep wet; do not allow to become dry. Dry material
is a shock-sensitive explosive. Desensitize using water
or alcohol. Incompatible with oxidizers (chlorates, nitrates,
peroxides, permanganates, perchlorates, chlorine, bromine,
fluorine, etc.); contact may cause fires or explosions. Keep
away from alkaline materials, strong bases, strong acids,
oxoacids, epoxides.
ニトロセルロース 上流と下流の製品情報
原材料
準備製品