灯油 化学特性,用途語,生産方法
外観
無色～ほとんど無色, 澄明の液体
溶解性
水にほとんど溶けない。
解説
原油を精製して得られる各種の石油製品のうちガソリンの次に高い沸点範囲 (常圧蒸留で 150～320℃) で採取される石油留分またはその精製品をいう。比重 0.8前後，引火点 40℃以上の多少揮発しにくい石油留分で石油製品独特の強い臭いを発する。精製したものは無色透明であるが，不純物などを含み淡黄色のものも多い。電灯が普及する以前に灯火用の燃料として広く用いられたので灯油という名がある。油種によるが原油処理の結果，約7%程度が灯油になるといわれている。直留灯油，分解灯油といった種別や色によって白灯油 (家庭燃料用) ，茶灯油 (石油発動機用) などの区別がある。おもに家庭用冷暖房，厨房用燃料などに用いられる。また石油発動機などの燃料，ペンキ溶剤，石油乳剤原料，機械洗浄用などに利用されている。公害規制強化により火力発電用燃料，ボイラ燃料など，工業用低硫黄燃料としての需要が高まってきた。
解説
ケロシンともいう。沸点およそ160～300℃の石油留分で，家庭の暖房･厨房（ちゆうぼう）用に，また石油発動機用燃料や溶剤に使用される。古くはおもに灯火用燃料として用いられたのでこの名がある。JISでは1号灯油と2号灯油に分類されている。一般にいわれる白灯油は1号灯油に，茶灯油は2号灯油に相当する。 1号灯油の用途は灯火用および暖房･厨房用燃料であり，こんろやストーブに使われる。この用途に適する灯油としては，(1)燃焼性がすぐれていて，煙の出にくいこと，(2)腐食性物質や悪臭物質を含まず，燃焼排気がきれいであること，(3)引火点が高く，取扱いが安全であること，などが要求される。
株式会社平凡社 世界大百科事典 第２版について 情報
用途
石油乳化剤製造原料、溶剤(ペイント、ワニス)、洗浄剤。
用途
燃料
主な用途／役割
溶剤型接着剤、エマルション系接着剤に使用される。
説明
Kerosene is primarily derived from refined petroleum. Kerosene
was discovered in 1853 by Abraham Gesner, a British
physician, through an extraction process of inflammable liquid
from asphalt, a waxy petroleum mixture. Kerosene, therefore, is
often called coal or fuel oil because of its asphalt origins.
Kerosene was the first material to be chemically extracted on
a large commercial scale.
化学的特性
Kerosene is a white to pale yellow, mobile flammable, and
combustible liquid. Kerosene (hydrodesulfurized) is a complex
combination of hydrocarbons obtained from a petroleum
stock by treating with hydrogen to convert organic
sulfur to hydrogen sulfide, which is removed. Kerosene
generally consists of hydrocarbons having carbon numbers
predominantly in the range of C9 through C16 and boiling in
the range of approximately 150–290℃ （302–554°F).
使用
In kerosene lamps, flares, and stoves; as degreaser and cleaner; Deobase formerly used as a solvent in cosmetics and in fly spray.
調製方法
Kerosene is produced by direct fractionation of the “middle
distillate fraction”. Individual kerosene composition
varies widely, but consists mainly of linear and branched
aliphatics, olefins, cycloparaffins, and aromatics in the
C10–C16 range. For indoor heating fuels it
is desirable to remove the olefins, aromatics, and sulfur
compounds, because they promote the evolution of
soot and sulfur oxides. For some purposes, highly refined or
“deodorized” kerosene is manufactured by treatment with
activated charcoal or by clay filtration and is generally
less toxic than untreated kerosene.
一般的な説明
A clear colorless to light amber liquid with a petroleum odor. Flash point 100°F. Less dense than water and insoluble in water. Vapors are heavier than air.
空気と水の反応
Highly flammable. Insoluble in water.
反応プロフィール
Saturated aliphatic hydrocarbons, contained in Kerosene, may be incompatible with strong oxidizing agents like nitric acid. Charring of the hydrocarbon may occur followed by ignition of unreacted hydrocarbon and other nearby combustibles. In other settings, aliphatic saturated hydrocarbons are mostly unreactive. They are not affected by aqueous solutions of acids, alkalis, most oxidizing agents, and most reducing agents.
危険性
Moderate fire risk, explosive limits in air
0.7–5.0%. Toxic by inhalation. Questionable carcinogen.
健康ハザード
Vapor causes slight irritation of eyes and nose. Liquid irritates stomach; if taken into lungs, causes coughing, distress, and rapidly developing pulmonary edema.
化学反応性
Reactivity with Water No reaction; Reactivity with Common Materials: No reactions; Stability During Transport: Stable; Neutralizing Agents for Acids and Caustics: Not pertinent; Polymerization: Not pertinent; Inhibitor of Polymerization: Not pertinent.
環境運命予測
Kerosene is composed of aliphatic hydrocarbons with
10–16 carbons per molecule and benzene and naphthalene
derivatives. Because kerosene is a complex mixture of various
hydrocarbon fractions, its transport and transformation in the
environment are dependent on the environment fate of the
individual hydrocarbons that comprise it. Kerosene can enter
the environment because of its uses – engine fuels, domestic
heating, pesticide, and solvent. Environmental releases of
kerosene predominantly results in portioning to air. The halflife
reaction is calculated to be 0.27–2.2 days. Photodegeneration
is rapid in the air phase. Kerosene is expected to
have low mobility and some immobility when released to soil.
Volatilization does occur. Kerosene is biodegradable in soil,
although some components of the mixture adhere strongly to
the soil. Kerosene is also biodegradable in surface water.
However, some components of the mixture may bioconcentrate
in fish and other aquatic organisms. Hydrolysis is
insignificant because kerosene lacks the functional groups that
hydrolyze under environmental conditions.
純化方法
Stir it with conc H2SO4 until a fresh portion of acid remains colourless, then wash with water, dry with solid KOH and distil it in a Claisen flask. For more complete drying, the kerosene can be refluxed with Na, and distilled from Na.
灯油 上流と下流の製品情報
原材料
準備製品