塩化アンモニウム 化学特性,用途語,生産方法
外観
白色の結晶性の粉末又は結晶塊
定義
本品は、アンモニアの塩化物であり、次の化学式で表される。
溶解性
水に溶けやすく、エタノールに溶けにくい。
解説
肥料としての正式名称は塩化アンモニアで，塩安と略称。化学式NH4Cl。天然には，火山噴気孔付近に昇華鉱物鹵砂（ろしや）(〈どうしゃ〉とも読む)として産する。無色で，結晶は立方晶系。高温安定のα型，低温安定のβ型とγ型の3種の変態があり，転移点は184℃と－30.3℃である。α型は塩化ナトリウムNaCl型構造，β型とγ型は塩化セシウムCsCl型構造。337.8℃で昇華し，アンモニアと塩化水素に解離するが，温度を下げると再結合し塩化アンモニウムの結晶を生ずるので高純度精製に利用される。
株式会社平凡社 世界大百科事典 第２版について 情報
用途
分析用汎用試薬、合成原料。メッキ、乾電池等の原材料。
用途
肥料配合原料、染料?写真薬原料、メッキ溶剤添加剤、医薬?医薬部外品配合原料、食品添加物
用途
分析用汎用試薬、合成原料、薬品製造原料、調製液原料。メッキ、乾電池等の原材料。
化粧品の成分用途
親水性増粘剤、香料
効能
補正用電解質液
主な用途／役割
ユリア樹脂系接着剤、メラミン樹脂系接着剤、フェノール樹脂系接着剤の触媒として使用される。
使用上の注意
不活性ガス封入
化学的特性
Ammonium chloride,Nl4CI, also known as ammoniae, salmiai,and ammonium nituriate,is a white crystalline solid. It is soluble in water, aqueous solutionsof ammonia, and is slightly soluble in methyl alcohol. Ammonium chloride is found in natureas a sublimation productof volcanic activity, or is produced by neutralizing HCI(either in liquid or gaseousphase) with NH3 gas or liquid NH40H then evaporating the excess H20. The salt decomposes at350°C and sublimes under controlled conditions at 520 °C. Ammoniumchlorideis used as an electrolyte in dry cell batteries,as a fluxfor soldering, tinningandgalvanizing, andas a processing ingredientin textile printing and hide tanning. Use as a source of nitrogen for fertilizersis limited because of the possible build up of damaging chloride residuals in the soil.
物理的性質
Colorless cubic crystals or white granular powder; saline taste; odorless; hygroscopic; does not melt but sublimes on heating at 340°C; vapor pressure 48.75 torr at 250°C and 251.2 torr at 300°C; density 1.5274 g/cm
3 at 25°C; refractive index 1.642; readily dissolves in water, solubility: 229 g and 271 g/L solution at O°C and 20°C, respectively; solubility lowered by alkali metal chlorides and HCl; dissolution lowers the temperature of the solution; sparingly soluble in alcohols (6 g/L at 19°C) and soluble in liquid NH3; insoluble in acetone and ether.
天然物の起源
Ammonium chloride occurs in nature in crevices near volcanoes. Also, it is found in smoke when burning dry camel or donkey dung as fuel. Important applications of this compound include the manufacture of dry cells for batteries; as a metal cleaner in soldering; as a flux in tin coating and galvanizing; in fertilizers; in pharmaceutical applications as a diuretic, or diaphoretic expectorant; and as an analytical standard in ammonia analysis. Also, it is used in freezing mixtures; washing powders; lustering cotton; in safety explosives and in dyeing and tanning.
使用
ammonium chloride is used as a thickener and as an additive in non-alcoholic toners. According to cosmetic formulators, the ammonium component provides the tingling or stinging sensation that some people associate with toners or aftershaves, and which, in regular toners, is usually provided by the alcohol content. Ammonium chloride’s use is the result of preference in formulation feel.
使用
Ammonium Chloride is a dough conditioner and yeast food that
exists as colorless crystals or white crystalline powder. approximately
30–38 g dissolves in water at 25°c. the ph of a 1% solution at 25°c
is 5.2. it is used as a dough strengthener and flavor enhancer in
baked goods and as a nitrogen source for yeast fermentation. it is
also used in condiments and relishes. another term for the salt is
ammonium muriate.
使用
White crystals made by ammonia salts acting upon hydrochloric
acid followed by crystallization. Ammonium chloride
is also known as sal ammoniac. Soluble in water and alcohol,
ammonium chloride was used as a halide in many processes,
including the salted paper, albumen paper, albumen opaltype,
and gelatin emulsion processes.
調製方法
Ammonium chloride is prepared commercially by reacting ammonia
with hydrochloric acid.
定義
sal ammoniac: A white or colourless cubicsolid, NH
4Cl; r.d. 1.53; sublimes at340°C. It is very soluble in water andslightly soluble in ethanol but insolublein ether. It may be prepared byfractional crystallization from a solutioncontaining ammonium sulphateand sodium chloride or ammoniumcarbonate and calcium chloride. Puresamples may be made directly by thegas-phase reaction of ammonia andhydrogen chloride. Because of itsease of preparation it can be manufacturedindustrially alongside anyplant that uses or produces ammonia.The compound is used in drycells, metal finishing, and in thepreparation of cotton for dyeing andprinting.
定義
ChEBI: An inorganic chloride having ammonium as the counterion.
一般的な説明
Ammonium chloride is a white crystalline solid. Ammonium chloride is soluble in water(37%). The primary hazard is the threat posed to the environment. Immediate steps should be taken to limit its spread to the environment. Ammonium chloride is used to make other ammonium compounds, as a soldering flux, as a fertilizer, and for many other uses.
空気と水の反応
Soluble in water. Slowly releases hydrogen chloride [USCG, 1999].
反応プロフィール
Acidic salts, such as Ammonium chloride , are generally soluble in water. The resulting solutions contain moderate concentrations of hydrogen ions and have pH's of less than 7.0. They react as acids to neutralize bases. These neutralizations generate heat, but less or far less than is generated by neutralization of inorganic acids, inorganic oxoacids, and carboxylic acid. They usually do not react as either oxidizing agents or reducing agents but such behavior is not impossible. Many of these compounds catalyze organic reactions.
危険性
Eye and upper respiratory tract irritant.
健康ハザード
Inhalation of fumes irritates respiratory passages. Ingestion irritates mouth and stomach. Fumes are irritating to eyes. Contact with skin may cause irritation.
农业用途
Ammonium chloride, like all other ammonium salts, is
used as a fertilizer. It contains 24 to 26% nitrogen and is
available as white crystals or granules. A coarse form of
this fertilizer is preferred to the powdered form for direct
application. Its crystals are used in compound fertilizers.
Ammonium chloride is a good source of nitrogen for
cotton, rice, wheat, barley, maize, sorghum, sugar cane
and fiber crops. It is easy to handle. In some cases,
however, the material tends to become lumpy and
difficult to spread.
Ammonium chloride is used either directly for
fertilization or in a variety of compound fertilizers, such
as ammonium phosphate chloride or ammonium
potassium chloride or in combination with urea or
ammonium sulphate.
As a fertilizer, ammonium chloride has an advantage
in that it contains 26% nitrogen, which is higher than that
found in ammonium sulphate (20.5%). In terms of per
unit cost of nitrogen, ammonium chloride is relatively
cheaper than ammonium sulphate and has some
agronomic advantages for rice. Nitrification of
ammonium chloride is less rapid than that of urea or
ammonium sulphate. Therefore, nitrogen losses are
lower and yields, higher.
However, ammonium chloride is a highly acid
forming fertilizer and the amount of calcium carbonate
required to neutralize the acidity is more than the
fertilizer itself, Further, it has a lower nitrogen content
and a higher chloride content compared to urea and
ammonium nitrate, making it harmful to some plants.
Several methods are used to produce ammonium
chloride. The most important is the dual-salt process
(modified Solvay process) wherein ammonium chloride
and sodium carbonate are produced simultaneously using
common salt and anhydrous ammonia as the principal
starting materials. When ammonium chloride is mixed
with phosphatic and potassic fertilizers, a large amount of
soil calcium is lost as its conversion into soluble calcium
chloride causes it to leach out easily.
Like ammonium sulphate, ammonium chloride can be
applied to wet land crops. In terms of the agronomic
suitability, it is generally rated as equal to other straight
nitrogenous fertilizers.
Ammonium chloride is, however, not ideal for
grapes, chilies, potatoes and tobacco as the added
chlorine affects the quality and storability of these crops.
Industrial uses of ammonium chloride are in
dry-battery manufacture and as a flux for soldering and
brazing.
安全性
Ammonium chloride is used in oral pharmaceutical formulations.
The pure form of ammonium chloride is toxic by SC, IV, and IM
routes, and moderately toxic by other routes. Potential symptoms of
overexposure to fumes are irritation of eyes, skin, respiratory
system: cough, dyspnea, and pulmonary sensitization. Ammonium
salts are an irritant to the gastric mucosa and may induce
nausea and vomiting.
LD
50 (mouse, IP): 1.44 g/kg
LD
50 (mouse, oral): 1.3 g/kg
LD
50 (rat, IM): 0.03 g/kg
LD
50 (rat, oral): 1.65 g/kg
職業ばく露
Ammonium chloride is used as an
industrial chemical, pharmaceutical, and veterinary drug; to
make dry batteries; in galvanizing; as a soldering flux.
Veterinary Drugs and Treatments
The veterinary indications for ammonium chloride are as a urinary
acidifying agent to help prevent and dissolve certain types of uroliths
(e.g., struvite), to enhance renal excretion of some types of toxins
(e.g., strontium, strychnine) or drugs (e.g., quinidine), or to enhance
the efficacy of certain
antimicrobials (e.g., chlortetracycline, methenamine
mandelate, nitrofurantoin, oxytetracycline, penicillin G or
tetracycline) when treating urinary tract infections. Ammonium
chloride has also been used intravenously for the rapid correction
of metabolic alkalosis.
Because of changes in feline diets to restrict struvite and as struvite
therapeutic diets (e.g., s/d) cause aciduria, ammonium chloride
is not commonly recommended for struvite uroliths in cats.
貯蔵
Ammonium chloride is chemically stable. It decomposes completely
at 3388℃ to form ammonia and hydrochloric acid. Store in airtight
containers in a cool, dry place.
輸送方法
UN3077 Environmentally hazardous substances,
solid, n.o.s., Hazard class: 9; Labels: 9-Miscellaneous
hazardous material, Technical Name Required.
純化方法
Crystallise it several times from conductivity water (1.5mL/g) between 90o and 0o. It sublimes. After one crystallisation, ACS grade has: metal(ppm) As (1.2), K (1), Sb (7.2), V (10.2). [Becher in Handbook of Preparative Inorganic Chemistry (Ed. Brauer) Academic Press Vol I p 812 1963.]
不和合性
Ammonium chloride is incompatible with strong acids and strong
bases. It reacts violently with ammonium nitrate and potassium
chlorate, causing fire and explosion hazards. It also attacks copper
and its compounds.
廃棄物の処理
Pretreatment involves addition
of sodium hydroxide to liberate ammonia and form the
soluble sodium salt. The liberated ammonia can be recovered
and sold. After dilution to the permitted provisional
limit, the sodium salt can be discharged into a stream or
sewer.
規制状況(Regulatory Status)
GRAS listed. Included in the FDA Inactive Ingredients Database
(oral syrup, tablets). Accepted for use as a food additive in Europe.
Included in medicines licensed in the UK (eye drops; oral syrup).
塩化アンモニウム 上流と下流の製品情報
原材料
準備製品
3,4-ジクロロ-1,2,5-チアジアゾール
3-(4-アミノ-2-メチル-5-ピリミジニルメチル)-5-(2-ヒドロキシエチル)-4-メチル-4-チアゾリン-2-チオン
2-フランカルボアルデヒドジエチルアセタール
1-フェニル-3-チオセミカルバジド
4-(4-クロロフェニル)-1,2,3,6-テトラヒドロピリジン塩酸塩
2-アミノ-4,6-ジメチルピリジン-3-カルボオキサミド
エラスターゼ, ヒト好中球由来
4-メチルベンズアミジン塩酸塩
カナマイシン一硫酸塩
ニトリロトリス(メチレンホスホン酸) (約50%水溶液, 約2.2mol/L)
3-ピリジンカルボキシアミジン
ベンゾイルぎ酸 エチル
3-(アミノスルホニル)チオフェン-2-カルボン酸メチル
1-アミノシクロペンタン-1-メタノール
5-クロロ-2-テニルクロリド
トリ-n-ヘキシルホスフィン
ピリジン-2-カルボキシイミドアミド塩酸塩
イソシアン酸1-ナフチル
4-アミジノピリジニウムクロリド
3-メチルチオフェン-2-カルボオキサミド
4-クロロベンズアミジン塩酸塩
2,5-ジクロロ-3-チオフェンスルホンアミド
2-ナフタレニルイソシアナート
4-ニトロベンズアミジン塩酸塩
5-ホルミル-2-フランボロン酸
イリジウム
1,3-ジクロロ-2-ブテン
インターフェロン-ガンマ
トリシクロヘキシルホスフィン (トリシクロヘキシルホスフィンオキシド含む) (約18%トルエン溶液, 約0.60mol/L)
4-メトキシベンズアミジン塩酸塩
イソニコチンアミジン
重クロム酸ジアンモニウム
