1,1'-ジメチル-4,4'-ビピリジニウム 化学特性,用途語,生産方法
農薬用途
除草剤
説明
Paraquat is a quaternary ammonium compound with
herbicide properties, as diquat. It is contained in
Cekuquat or Dipril.
化学的特性
Paraquat is a yellow solid with a faint,
ammonia-like odor.
使用
It can cause contact and phototoxic
contact dermatitis, acne, and leucoderma, mainly
in agrieultural workers.
製造方法
Paraquat is synthesized by the direct quaternization
of 4,4 -bipyridyl with chloromethane under pressure (1,9).
Diquat is synthesized by reaction of 2,2 -bipridyl with di-n-propyl amine.
調製方法
Paraquat is produced in several countries by coupling
pyridine in the presence of sodium in anhydrous ammonia
and quaternizing the resulting 4,4-bipyridyl with methyl
chloride. The only impurity permitted is the 4,40-bipyridyl at
a maximum level of 0.25% of the paraquat content. It
is formulated for commercial use in various concentrations
and mixtures. In the United States, paraquat is sold in watersoluble
concentrates at 1.5–2.5 lb/gal.
定義
ChEBI: An organic cation that consists of 4,4'-bipyridine bearing two N-methyl substituents loctated at the 1- and 1'-positions.
农业用途
Herbicide, Defoliant, Desiccant: Paraquat is a quaternary nitrogen herbicide widely
used for broadleaf weed control. It is a quick-acting, nonselective
compound, that destroys green plant tissue on
contact and by translocation within the plant. It has been
employed for killing marijuana in the U.S. and in Mexico.
It is also used as a crop desiccant and defoliant, and as
an aquatic herbicide. It is used in many formulations with
other herbicides, e. g., simazine and diquat. Paraquat dichloride
is registered for the control of weeds and grasses
in agricultural and non-agricultural areas. It is used as a
preplant or pre-emergence herbicide on vegetables, grains,
cotton, grasses, sugarcane, peanuts, potatoes, and on areas
for tree plantation establishment. Paraquat is applied
as a directed spray post-emergence herbicide around fruit
crops, vegetables, trees, vines, grains, soybeans, and sugarcane.
It is used for dormant season applications on clover
and other legumes, and for chemical fallow. It is also used
as a desiccant or harvest aid on cotton, dry beans, soybeans,
potatoes, sunflowers, sugarcane and as a post-harvest desiccant
on tomatoes. It is applied to pine trees to induce
resin soaking. Paraquat dichloride is also used on non-crop
areas such as public airports, electric transformer stations
and around commercial buildings to control weeds. Not
approved for use in EU countries. A U.S. EPA restricted
Use Pesticide (RUP).
製品名
HERBICIDE®[C]; CRISQUAT®;
CYCLONE®; DEXTRONE®; DEXTRONE-X®;
ESGRAM®; GAMIXEL®; GOLDQUAT 276®;
GRAMOXONE®; GRAMOXONE D®; GRAMOXONE
DICHLORIDE®; GRAMOXONE S®; GRAMOXONE
W®; HERBIKILL®; HERBOXONE®; OK 622®;
ORTHO PARAQUAT CL®[C]; PARA-COL®;
PARAMINE®; PARAQUAT CL®[C]; PARAQUAT
DICHLORIDE BIPYRIDYLNIUM HERBICIDE®;
PATHCLEAR®; PILLARQUAT®; PILLARXONE®;
PP148®; PRELUDE®[C]; STARFIRE®; SUREFIRE®;
SWEEP®; TERRAKLENE®; TOTACOL®; TOXER
TOTAL®; UNIQUAT®; WEEDOL®
接触アレルゲン
Paraquat is a quaternary ammonium compound with herbicide
properties, as diquat. It is contained in Cekuquat? or
Dipril?. It can cause contact and phototoxic contact dermatitis,
acne, and leukoderma mainly in agricultural workers.
安全性プロファイル
Poison by ingestion and intraperitoneal routes. Mutation data reported. Human systemic effects: changes in structure or function of esophagus, darrhea, edema, fibrosis of lung, fibrosis, focal (pneumoconiosis), hemorrhage, jaundice, renal damage, renal function tests depressed, respiratory depression, ulceration or bleedmg from stomach, vomiting. Death from anoxia may result. When heated to decomposition it emits toxic fumes of NOx. See also PARAQUAT DICHLOFUDE
職業ばく露
Those engaged in manufacture,
formulation and application of this herbicide. Classified
for restricted use: limited to use by a certified applicator, or
those under applicator’s direct supervision.
発がん性
Several carcinogenicity studies
have been conducted on paraquat by the oral route.
In a 2-year feeding study at doses as high as 75 mg/kg in
mice, and a drinking water study at doses as high as
2.6 mg/L of water in rats, no evidence of tumorigenicity
was seen. Similar negative results were reported for diquat
in a 2-year feeding study (Hayes, 1991) in rats at dose levels
up to 720 mg/kg and in a 2-year drinking water study in mice
at doses of 2–4 mg/kg.
代謝
Because paraquat and diquat are positively charged ions,
they are very quickly and tightly bound to negatively
charged clay particles in the soil, rendering them totally
inactive (1). Thus, these herbicides have no soil activity.
Plants do not actively metabolize either paraquat or
diquat (31); however, substantial photodegradation does
occur on the leaf surface. Isonicotinic acid and methylamine
hydrochloride are the decomposition products most
often noted from paraquat (1). With diquat, the decomposition
products included the pyrazinium salt, picolinamide,
and picolinic acid (1). Photodegradation of diquat was
greater than that of paraquat at equal irradiances (1–3).
輸送方法
UN2781 Bipyridilium pesticide, solid, toxic,
Hazard Class: 6.1; Labels: 6.1-Poisonous materials.
不和合性
Incompatible with oxidizers (chlorates,
nitrates, peroxides, permanganates, perchlorates, chlorine,
bromine, fluorine, etc.); contact may cause fires or explosions.
Keep away from alkaline materials, strong bases,
strong acids, oxoacids, epoxides (hydrolysis), alkylarylsulfonate
wetting agents. Corrosive to metals. Decomposes
in presence of ultraviolet (UV) light. Decomposes in heat
(see physical properties, above) and in the presence of UV
light, producing nitrogen oxides, hydrogen chloride.
廃棄物の処理
Paraquat is rapidly inactivated
in soil. It is also inactivated by anionic surfactants.
Therefore an effective and environmentally safe disposal
method would be to mix the product with ordinary household
detergent and bury the mixture in clay soil. In
accordance with 40CFR165, follow recommendations for
the disposal of pesticides and pesticide containers. Must be
disposed properly by following package label directions or
by contacting your local or federal environmental control
agency, or by contacting your regional EPA office. Consult
with environmental regulatory agencies for guidance on
acceptable disposal practices. Generators of waste containing
this contaminant (≥100 kg/mo) must conform with
EPA regulations governing storage, transportation, treatment,
and waste disposal.
1,1'-ジメチル-4,4'-ビピリジニウム 上流と下流の製品情報
原材料
準備製品