マラソン剤 化学特性,用途語,生産方法
外観
無色〜黄褐色, 澄明の液体
種類
マラソンは形状により、次のような種類に分類ができます。
1. マラソン乳剤
マラソン乳剤は液体で、水に希釈して使用し、水に希釈すると乳濁色になるのが特徴です。野菜類、果樹類、花き類などのアブラムシやハダニ類、アザミウマ類など幅広い農作物、害虫に登録があります。なお、希釈して農作物に散布を行います。
2.マラソン粉剤
マラソン粉剤は粉状で、野菜類、果樹類、花き類などのアブラムシやハダニ類、アザミウマ類など幅広い農作物、害虫に登録があります。粉剤をそのまま散布するので、手軽に行えるが特徴です。
溶解性
エタノール及びアセトンに極めて溶けやすく、水に極めて溶けにくい。
解説
マラソン剤，有機リン殺虫剤の一種の商品名で，主成分はジチオリン酸- O，O -ジメチル- S - ( 1,2-ジエトキシカルボニルエチル ) で，化学式は C10H19O6PS2 である。黄褐色の油性液体。熱，水分などで徐々に分解される。粉剤と乳剤があり，低毒性の殺虫剤として，うんか，あぶら虫，だになどの駆除に用いられている。
用途
農薬(殺虫剤) (NITE CHRIP)
用途
マラソン試験用標準品。
長所
- イネや果樹、野菜類、花き類まで幅広い農作物と、アブラムシ、ハダニ類、カイガラムシ類、コガネムシ類など幅広い害虫に登録があり使用できます。
- 浸透移行性があるため、葉や果実をなめたり、口にする害虫に対しては散布時に直接農薬を当てなくても防除の効果がでます。
- 低価格でホームセンターでも購入できるため、家庭菜園の方にも使いやすいです。
短所
- 薬剤や散布機のコストがかかります。コストに見合う効果がでるか検討してから使用することが大切です。
- 薬剤が植物体内に残り、効果を発揮する残効性が短いです。1度散布し害虫を駆除しても、再度害虫が発生してしまう可能性があります。
効能
殺シラミ薬, コリンエステラーゼ阻害薬
農薬用途
殺虫剤
説明
Malathion, a clear amber liquid, is sparingly soluble in water but soluble in a majority of
organic solvents. The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (U.S. EPA) grouped malathion
under GUP, meaning general use pesticide. It is used as an insecticide as well as
an acaricide for the control of pests. Malathion is used for the control of sucking insects
and chewing insects on fruits and vegetables. Malathion is an effective insecticide for the
control of several household pests such as houseflies, cockroaches, mosquitoes, aphids,
animal ectoparasites, and human head and body lice. Malathion is also found in formulations
with many other pesticides.
化学的特性
Malathion is a deep-brown to yellow liquid
with a garlic-like odor. Clear and colorless when pure;
freezing/melting point5 3C;
物理的性質
Clear, yellow to yellow-orange to brown liquid with an unpleasant garlic, skunk, or mercaptanslike
odor
使用
Malathion is used to control a wide spectrum of insect pests in
many types of crops and disease vectors in public health programmes.
It is also used to control ectoparasites of both humans and animals.
定義
ChEBI: A diester that is butanedioate substituted by a (dimethoxyphosphorothioyl)sulfanediyl group at position 2.
適応症
Malathion (Ovide) is highly effective in the prevention and treatment of pediculosis.
It displays 95% ovicidal activity and has no scabicidal activity. It works through
cholinesterase inhibition.
一般的な説明
Malathion, 2-[(dimethoxyphosphinothioyl)thio]butanedioic acid diethyl ester, is a water-insolublephosphodithioate ester that has been used as an agriculturalinsecticide. Malathion is a poor inhibitor of cholinesterases.Its effectiveness as a safe insecticide is a result of the differentrates at which humans and insects metabolize the chemical.Microsomal oxidation, which causes desulfuration,occurs slowly to form the phosphothioate (malaoxon),which is 10,000 times more active than the phosphodithioate(malathion) as a cholinesterase inhibitor. Insects detoxifythe phosphothioate by a phosphatase, forming dimethylphosphorothioate, which is inactive as an inhibitor.Humans, however, can rapidly hydrolyze malathion by acarboxyesterase enzyme, yielding malathion acid, a stillpoorer inhibitor of AChE. Phosphatases and carboxyesterasesfurther metabolize malathion acid to dimethylphosphothioate.
空気と水の反応
Insoluble in water.
反応プロフィール
Malathion is a yellow to brown liquid that solidifies at 2.9° C, moderately toxic. Organic phosphate insecticide, acts as an inhibitor of cholinesterase. When heated to decomposition Malathion emits toxic fumes of oxides of sulfur and phosphorus [Lewis, 3rd ed., 1993, p. 789].
危険性
Absorbed by skin, cholinesterase inhibitor.
Questionable carcinogen.
健康ハザード
Cholinesterase inhibitor; toxic propertiessimilar to those of parathion; however,less toxic than parathion; moderately toxicby ingestion and possibly other routes ofexposure; toxic symptoms include excessivesalivation, lacrimation, blurred vision, con-striction of the pupils, nausea, vomiting,abdominal pain, and difficulty in breathing;also coma and death can result form largeintake; ingestion of 10–25 g could be fatalto adult humans; skin contact can produceallergic sensitization reaction; also absorbedthrough skin, causing systemic poisoning;experimental teratogen; LD50 data reportedin the literature show wide variation.
LD50 oral (rate): 300–2800 mg/kg
LD50 skin (mouse): 2000–3000 mg/kg
Benslama et al. (2004) have reported twounusual cases of malathion poisoning with arare-type of complication from “intermediatesyndrome” arising 2 to 4 days after the onsetof cholinergic effects. The symptoms wererespiratory paresis with difficulties of wean-ing from assisted respiratory, deficit of proximal limbs, neck flexors and cranial nerves.The authors attributed this syndrome to pro-longed inhibition of acetyl-cholinesterasesand not to any muscular fiber’s necrosis.
使用上の注意点
- 散布時は手袋やマスクを着用し、目や鼻、肌に直接かからないように注意が必要です。
- 農作物の受粉を助けるためのミツバチに影響が出るため、ミツバチを放飼中の施設では使用をさける必要があります。また、近隣で養蜂をおこなっている場合、関係機関に情報を提供する必要があります。
- 1回の栽培において、使用回数が定められているため注意が必要です。また、マラソンの成分を含む農薬の総使用回数も定められているため、全体の農薬使用回数も制限があります。
- 河川や湖、沼などの水産動植物に影響を及ぼすため、河川や養殖池などに飛散、流入しないように注意が必要です。また、薬剤の使用残りや容器の洗浄水は河川等に流してはいけません。
使用用途
マラソンの使用用途は、害虫の防除です。即効性があり早く防除の効果がでることと、多くの農作物と害虫に登録があることが大きな特徴です。
効果的に防除できる害虫として、野菜類や花き類に発生するアブラムシやハダニ類、イネに発生するツマグロヨコバイやウンカ類、果樹に発生するアブラムシやケムシ類、カイガラムシ類、豆類に発生するハダニ類やコガネムシ類が挙げられます。
有機リン系の殺虫剤の場合、アブラナ科の農作物に散布すると、薬害がでるため使用ができないことがあります。しかし、マラソンはキャベツやブロッコリー、ハクサイなどのアブラナ科の農作物にも登録があるため使用可能です。
マラソンには葉や茎から吸収されて、植物体に広がっていく浸透移行性があります。そのため、直接農薬が当たらなかった害虫で、葉や果実をなめたり、口にする害虫にも効果的です。
农业用途
nsecticide: Not approved for use in EU countries. Malathion
is a non-systemic, wide-spectrum organophosphate insecticide.
It was one of the earliest organophosphate insecticides
developed (introduced in 1950). Malathion is suited
for the control of sucking and chewing insects on fruits,
vegetables, citrus, cotton, corn, sorghum, ornamentals and
stored products, and is also used to control mosquitoes,
flies, household insects, farm and livestock parasites (ectoparasites),
and head and body lice. Malathion may also be
found in formulations with many other pesticides; the U.S.
EPA lists 2,283 current and canceled labels of products
containing malathion. Malathion is marketed as 99.6%
technical grade liquid. Available formulations include wettable
powders (25% and 50%), emulsifiable concentrates,
dusts and aerosols.
製品名
AI3-17034®; AGRICHEM
GREENFLY SPRAY®; ALCO® Malathion; ALL
PURPOSE GARDEN INSECTICIDE®; AMERICAN
CYANAMID 4,049®; ATRAPA 5E®; BAN-MITE®;
CALMATHION®; CARBETOVUR®; CARBETOX®;
CELTHION®; CHEMATHION®; CIMEXAN®;
COMPOUND 4049®; CROMOCIDE®; CYTHION®;
SPRAY CONCENTRATE®; CYTHION®; DETMOL
MA®; DETMOL® 96%; DETMOL MALATHION®;
DURAMITEX®; EMMATOS EXTRA®; EL
4049®; EMMATON®; EMMATOS®; ETIOL®;
EVESHIELD CAPTAN/MALATHION®; EXATHIOS®;
EXTERMATHION®; FYAFANON®; FISONS
GREENFLY AND BLACKFLY KILLER®; FOG®
3; FORMAL®; FORTHION®; FOSFOTHION®;
FOSFOTION®; FYFANON®; ETHIOLACAR®;
GREEN DEVIL®; GREENFLY AEROSOL
SPRAY®; HILTHION®; KARBOFOS®; KOPTHION
®; KYPFOS®; MALACIDE®; MALAFOR®;
MALAGRAN®; MALAKILL®; MALAMAR®;
MALASOL®; MALASPRAY®; MALATAF®;
MALATHION 60®; MALATHION E50®; MALATOL®;
MALTOX®; MOSCARDA®; ORTHO MALATHION®;
PBI CROP SAVER®; PRENTOX®; PRIODERM®;
PROKIL® Malathion; SADOFOS®; SADOPHOS®;
SF® 60; SIPTOX I®; SUMITOX®; TAK®; TM-4049®;
VETIOL®; ZITHIOL®
接触アレルゲン
This organophosphorus pesticide is used as an insecticide and an acaricide, particularly against head lice. Sensitization was reported in farmers.
安全性プロファイル
A human poison by
ingestion and skin contact. Can penetrate
intact skin. An experimental poison by
ingesuon, inhalation, intraperitoneal,
intravenous, intraarterial, and subcutaneous
routes. Human systemic effects by ingestion:
coma, blood pressure depression, and
dfficulty in breathmg. Questionable carcinogen. An experimental teratogen.
Other experimental reproductive effects.
Human mutation data reported. Has caused
allerglc sensitization of the skin. An organic
phosphate cholinesterase inhibitor. When
heated to decomposition it emits toxic
fumes of POx and SOx. See also
PHOSPHATES and PARATHION.
職業ばく露
Malathion is marketed as 99.6%
technical grade liquid. Available formulations include
wetable powders (25% and 50%), emulsifiable concentrates, dusts, and aerosols. Malathion is used as a broad
spectrum insecticide and acaricide in the control of certain
insect pests on fruits, vegetables, and ornamental plants.
It has been used in the control of houseflies, mosquitoes,
lice; and on farm and livestock animals.
発がん性
There was no evidence of carcinogenicity
in rats given diets that contained 4700 or
8150 ppm (about 270 mg/kg and 466 mg/kg) for 80 weeks
and observed for an additional 33 weeks, in rats given diets
that contained 2000 or 4000 ppm malathion (about 115 mg/
kg/day and 230 mg/kg/day) for 103 weeks, or in rats given
diets that contained 500 or 1000 ppm malaoxon for 103
weeks .
輸送方法
UN2783 Organophosphorus pesticides, solid,
toxic, Hazard Class: 6.1; Labels: 6.1-Poisonous materials
不和合性
Reacts violently with strong oxidizers,
magnesium, alkaline pesticides. Attacks metals including
iron, steel, tin plate; lead, copper; and some plastics, coatings, and rubbers
廃棄物の処理
Malathion is reported to be
“hydrolyzed almost instantly” at pH 12; 50%; hydrolysis at
pH 0 requires 12 hours. Alkaline hydrolysis under controlled conditions (0.5 n NaOH in ethanol) gives quantitative yields of (CH3O)2P(S)SNa, whereas hydrolysis in
acidic media yields (CH3O)2P(S)OH. On prolonged contact
with iron or iron-containing material, it is reported to break
down and completely lose insecticidal activity. Incineration
together with a flammable solvent in a furnace equipped
with afterburner and scrubber is recommended. In accordance with 40CFR165, follow recommendations for the
disposal of pesticides and pesticide containers. Must be disposed properly by following package label directions or by
contacting your local or federal environmental control
agency, or by contacting your regional EPA office
マラソン剤 上流と下流の製品情報
原材料
準備製品