SOLVENT 化学特性,用途語,生産方法
解説
溶剤,本来は，溶媒と同義で，目的とする物質(溶質)を溶解させるために用いる液体をいう．英語では区別がないが，わが国では，理学的に扱う場合に溶媒，工業的に扱う場合に溶剤の用語が用いられることが多い．アセチルセルロースを溶解させるアセトン，大豆から大豆油を溶解抽出させる工業ガソリン，リホーメートからBTX(ベンゼン，トルエン，キシレン)を抽出分離させるスルホランなど，化学工業ではきわめて多くの溶剤が使われる．
定義
A liquid capable of dissolving other materials (solids, liquids, or
gases) to form a solution. The solvent is
generally the major component of the solution. Solvents can be divided into classes,
the most important being:
Polar. A solvent in which the molecules
possess a moderate to high dipole moment
and in which polar and ionic compounds
are easily soluble. Polar solvents are usually poor solvents for non-polar compounds. For example, water is a good
solvent for many ionic species, such as
sodium chloride or potassium nitrate, and
polar molecules, such as the sugars, but
does not dissolve paraffin wax.
Non-polar. A solvent in which the molecules do not possess a permanent dipole
moment and consequently will solvate
non-polar species in preference to polar
species. For example, benzene and tetrachloromethane are good solvents for iodine and paraffin wax, but do not dissolve
sodium chloride.
Amphiprotic. A solvent which undergoes
self-ionization and can act both as a proton
donator and as an acceptor. Water is a
good example and ionizes according to:
2H
2O = H
3O
+ + OH
–
Aprotic. A solvent which can neither accept nor yield protons. An aprotic solvent
is therefore the opposite to an amphiprotic
solvent.
SOLVENT 上流と下流の製品情報
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