ペトロラタム 化学特性,用途語,生産方法
外観
黄色のペースト黄色の全質均等の軟膏よう物質で、におい及び味はない。
定義
本品は、石油から得られる半固体炭化水素の混合物である。
溶解性
水, エタノールに不溶, エーテルに可溶。エタノールに溶けにくく、水にほとんど溶けない。エーテル、石油ベンジン、二硫化炭素、クロロホルム又はテレビン油に澄明又はわずかに不溶分を残して溶ける。加温する時、黄色の澄明な液となり、この液はわずかにけい光を発する。
解説
半固体状の石油ろうで，パラフィン基原油の減圧蒸留残油を溶剤脱ろうおよび遠心分離すると得られる．微晶性の高分子イソパラフィン混合物が油分中にコロイド状に分散したものと考えられている．硫酸洗浄，白土処理などによって精製し，精製度により暗緑色から白色までの各種の製品があり，高度に精製した白色製品はワセリンとよばれる．軟膏，化粧品，潤滑剤，さび止め剤などに用いられる．
森北出版「化学辞典（第2版）
用途
医薬?化粧品軟膏基材、飼料添加剤、カーボン紙原料、食品包装材料の添加物
用途
石油の潤滑油留分を溶剤脱蠟して得られる軟質の非結晶性または微結晶性のワックスに，潤滑油の重質留分を練り合わせた半固体状混合物。用途は，軟膏など医薬用(ワセリン)，またさび止め剤がおもなものである。精製度の低いものは緑色で一般に青ペトと呼ばれ，白土処理したものは淡褐色で赤ペトといい，さらに高度に精製すると無色に近くなる。JISでは色によって1～4号に分類している。精製の低いものは緑色で，これを硫酸洗浄および白土仕上げすると赤から黄色となり，防錆(ぼうせい)用に用いられる。高度に精製した白色のものはワセリンといい，化粧用，医薬用軟膏原料。
化粧品の成分用途
ヘアコンディショニング剤、閉塞剤、皮膚保護剤
化学的特性
Petrolatum is a pale yellow to yellow-colored, translucent, soft
unctuous mass. It is odorless, tasteless, and not more than slightly
fluorescent by daylight, even when melted.
使用
petrolatum (petroleum jelly; Vaseline) softens and smoothes the skin. It forms a film on the skin’s surface, preventing moisture loss caused by evaporation, and protecting against irritation. Its disadvantage lies in the difficulty of effectively and properly removing it from the skin. Studies indicate that petrolatum accelerates the recovery of skin surface lipids, permeating throughout the stratum corneum layer, and allowing normal barrier recovery despite its occlusive properties. Thus it does not form or act as an impermeable membrane. It is a purified mixture of semisolid hydrocarbons from petroleum. Petrolatum imparts a greasier feeling than other emollients and also has the potential for clogging pores and causing comedogenicity. Although it can cause allergic skin rashes, petrolatum is non-toxic to the skin when properly purified and of high grade.
調製方法
Petrolatum is manufactured from the semisolid residue that remains
after the steam or vacuum distillation of petroleum.This residue
is dewaxed and/or blended with stock from other sources, along
with lighter fractions, to give a product with the desired consistency.
Final purification is performed by a combination of high-pressure
hydrogenation or sulfuric acid treatment followed by filtration
through adsorbents. A suitable antioxidant may be added.
一般的な説明
Dark brown, green, amber or white odorless thick liquid. Floats on water.
反応プロフィール
Petrolatum is unreactive in most circumstances.
健康ハザード
LIQUID: Irritating to eyes.
火災危険
Combustible.
応用例（製薬）
Petrolatum is mainly used in topical pharmaceutical formulations as
an emollient-ointment base; it is poorly absorbed by the skin.
Petrolatum is also used in creams and transdermal formulations and
as an ingredient in lubricant formulations for medicated confectionery
together with mineral oil.
Therapeutically, sterile gauze dressings containing petrolatum
may be used for nonadherent wound dressings or as a packing
material.Petrolatum is additionally widely used in cosmetics and
in some food applications.
安全性プロファイル
When heated to decomposition it emits acrid smoke and irritating fumes
安全性
Petrolatum is mainly used in topical pharmaceutical formulations
and is generally considered to be a nonirritant and nontoxic
material.
Animal studies, in mice, have shown petrolatum to be nontoxic
and noncarcinogenic following administration of a single subcutaneous
100 mg dose. Similarly, no adverse effects were observed in a
2-year feeding study with rats fed a diet containing 5% of
petrolatum blends.
Although petrolatum is generally nonirritant in humans following
topical application, rare instances of allergic hypersensitivity
reactions have been reported,as have cases of acne, in susceptible individuals following repeated use on facial skin.
However, given the widespread use of petrolatum in topical
products, there are few reports of irritant reactions. The allergic
components of petrolatum appear to be polycyclic aromatic
hydrocarbons present as impurities. The quantities of these
materials found in petrolatum vary depending upon the source
and degree of refining. Hypersensitivity appears to occur less with
white petrolatum and it is therefore the preferred material for use in
cosmetics and pharmaceuticals.
Petrolatum has also been tentatively implicated in the formation
of spherulosis of the upper respiratory tract following use of a
petrolatum-based ointment packing after surgery,and lipoid
pneumonia following excessive use in the perinasal area.Other
adverse reactions to petrolatum include granulomas (paraffinomas)
following injection into soft tissue.Also, when taken orally,
petrolatum acts as a mild laxative and may inhibit the absorption of
lipids and lipid-soluble nutrients.
Petrolatum is widely used in direct and indirect food applications.
In the USA, the daily dietary exposure to petrolatum is
estimated to be 0.404 mg/kg body-weight.
For further information see Mineral Oil and Paraffin.
貯蔵
Petrolatum is an inherently stable material owing to the unreactive
nature of its hydrocarbon components; most stability problems
occur because of the presence of small quantities of impurities. On
exposure to light, these impurities may be oxidized to discolor the
petrolatum and produce an undesirable odor. The extent of the
oxidation varies depending upon the source of the petrolatum and
the degree of refinement. Oxidation may be inhibited by the
inclusion of a suitable antioxidant such as butylated hydroxyanisole,
butylated hydroxytoluene, or alpha tocopherol.
Petrolatum should not be heated for extended periods above the
temperature necessary to achieve complete fluidity (approximately
70°C).
Petrolatum may be sterilized by dry heat. Although petrolatum
may also be sterilized by gamma irradiation, this process affects the
physical properties of the petrolatum such as swelling, discoloration,
odor, and rheological behavior.
Petrolatum should be stored in a well-closed container, protected
from light, in a cool, dry place.
不和合性
Petrolatum is an inert material with few incompatibilities.
規制状況(Regulatory Status)
GRAS listed. Accepted for use in certain food applications in many
countries worldwide. Included in the FDA Inactive Ingredients
Database (ophthalmic preparations; oral capsules and tablets; otic,
topical, and transdermal preparations). Included in nonparenteral
medicines licensed in the UK. Included in the Canadian List of
Acceptable Non-medicinal Ingredients.
ペトロラタム 上流と下流の製品情報
原材料
準備製品