GS-441524

GS-441524 속성

GS-441524 C화학적 특성, 용도, 생산

개요

GS-441524 is the active prodrug of the broad-spectrum antiviral Remdesivir. GS-441524 is an adenosine nucleotide analog in viral RNA production. It is a nucleotide analog inhibitor of RNA-dependent RNA polymerases (RdRps). The compound interferes with the action of viral RNA polymerase and evades proofreading by viral exoribonuclease (ExoN), causing a decrease in viral RNA production (RNA synthesis arrest), either by terminating RNA chains or causing mutations. It inhibits MERS-CoV or SARS-CoV-infected HAE cultures (EC50=74nM and 69nM) and murine hepatitis virus (MHV) (EC50=30nM). In vivo, remdesivir (25 and 50 mg/kg) reduces lung viral titers and prevents weight loss in a mouse model of SARS-CoV infection. Remdesivir is used as a treatment for Ebola virus disease and Marburg virus infections and other single-stranded RNA viruses such as respiratory syncytial virus, Junin virus, Lassa fever virus, Nipah virus, Hendra virus and the coronaviruses (including MERS and SARS viruses). Remdesivir is effective in the control of 2019-nCoV (COVID-19) infection in vitro. It now also has been studied as a potential treatment for SARS-CoV-2 infections.

용도

GS-441524 is originally identified as an active metabolite of Remdesivir that is an antiviral drug, a novel nucleotide analog prodrug.

정의

ChEBI: GS-441524 is a C-nucleoside analog that is (2R,3R,4S,5R)-3,4-dihydroxy-5-(hydroxymethyl)tetrahydrofuran-2-carbonitrile substituted by a 4-aminopyrrolo[2,1-f][1,2,4]triazin-7-yl group at position 2. It is the active metabolite of remdesivir and exhibits a broad range of inhibitory activity against various RNA viruses including HCV, parainfluenza and SARS-CoV. It has a role as a drug metabolite, an antiviral agent and an anticoronaviral agent. It is a pyrrolotriazine, a nitrile, a C-nucleoside and an aromatic amine.

원료

Resistance to GS-441524 can exist at the time of diagnosis, but this is uncommon. Rather, it tends to occur during treatment and is often partial at first and necessitates a higher dosage to accommodate for it. It can become total in some cats. Resistance is the biggest problem in cats with neurological disease, especially those that present with neurological disease or develop brain infections during treatment or during a relapse after what appears to have been a successful treatment. Many cats with partial drug resistance can be treated for their disease signs but will relapse as soon as the treatment is stopped. There have been cats "treated" for FIP for over a year with no cure, but ultimately resistance becomes worse or the owner runs out of money.

생물학적 활성

GS 441524 is a viral RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp) inhibitor and broad spectrum antiviral nucleotide; active metabolite of Remdesivir. Competes with natural nucleoside triphosphates, blocking viral RNA synthesis. Exhibits antiviral activity against viruses from Coronaviridae family including SARS-CoV-2 in vitro, and SARS-CoV and feline infectious peritonitis virus (FIPV) in vitro and in vivo. Inhibits SARS-CoV and MERS-CoV- infected HAE cultures (EC50 values are 0.18 and 0.86 μM, respectively) and inhibits murine hepatitis virus (MHV) (EC50 = 1.1 μM).

부작용

GS-441524 treatment is amazingly free of systemic side effects. It can cause minor kidney damage in some cats, but this does not progress to overt renal disease. Systemic drug reactions of the vasculitis type have been seen in a few cats and can be confused with injection site reactions. However, these drug reactions are at non-injection sites and are often self-limiting or respond well to a short-term low dose of steroids. The major side-effect of GS treatment is pain at the injection sites, which varies from cat to cat and according to the injection prowess of the person doing the treatment (usually the owner). Injection site sores are a problem with some owners and usually occur when the injection site is not moved around the body (stay away from between the shoulders) and not given into the muscle and nerve layers below the subcutis. I recommend selecting sites starting an inch behind the shoulder blades, down the back to 1-2 inches before the tailhead, and one third to one-half of the way down the chest and abdomen. Many people use gabapentin before injections to help ease the pain. Injection site sores are cleared of surrounding hair and gently cleaned 4 or more times a day with sterile cotton balls soaked in 1:5 dilution of household hydrogen peroxide. They usually do not require any more sophisticated treatment and heal within 2 weeks or so.

Mode of action

GS-441524 undergoes intracellular phosphorylation by cellular kinases, first to a nucleoside monophosphate and then to an active triphosphate metabolite (NTP)( Cho et al., 2012; Sheahan et al., 2017; Warren et al., 2016). This active NTP analog competes with natural nucleoside triphosphates to inhibit viral RNA synthesis. Specifically, the active form of GS-441524 inhibits RNA-dependent RNA polymerase-mediated transcription by terminating nascent viral transcript prematurely. We hypothesized that, once activated in feline cells, GS-441524 would attenuate FIPV replication with minimal cytotoxicity in vitro and effectively treat cats with experimentally induced FIP.

참고 문헌

1) Remdesivir and GS-441524 Retain Antiviral Activity against Delta, Omicron, and Other Emergent SARS-CoV-2 Variants DOI:10.1128/aac.00222-22
2) Therapeutic efficacy of the small molecule GS-5734 against Ebola virus in rhesus monkeys: T.K. Warren, et al.; Nature 531, 381 (2016) DOI:10.1038/nature17180
3) Late Ebola virus relapse causing meningoencephalitis: a case report: M. Jacobs, et al.; Lancet 388, 498 (2016) DOI:10.1016/S0140-6736(16)30386-5
4) Broad-spectrum antiviral GS-5734 inhibits both epidemic and zoonotic coronaviruses: T.P. Sheahan, et al.; Sci. Transl. Med. 9, eaal3653 (2017) DOI:10.1126/scitranslmed.aal3653
5) Discovery and Synthesis of a Phosphoramidate Prodrug of a Pyrrolo[2,1-f][triazin-4- amino] Adenine C-Nucleoside (GS-5734) for the Treatment of Ebola and Emerging Viruses; D. Siegel, et al.; J. Med. Chem. 60, 1648 (2017) DOI:10.1021/acs.jmedchem.6b01594
6) Coronavirus Susceptibility to the Antiviral Remdesivir (GS-5734) Is Mediated by the Viral Polymerase and the Proofreading Exoribonuclease: M.L. Agostini, et al.; mBio 9, e00221 (2018) DOI: 10.1128/mBio.00221-18
7) Mechanism of Inhibition of Ebola Virus RNA-Dependent RNA Polymerase by Remdesivir: E.P. Tchesnokov, et al.; Viruses 11, E326 (2019) DOI:10.3390/v11040326
8) Remdesivir (GS-5734) protects African green monkeys from Nipah virus challenge: M.K. Lo, et al.; Sci. Transl. Med. 11, eaau9242 (2019) DOI:10.1126/scitranslmed.aau9242
9) Broad spectrum antiviral remdesivir inhibits human endemic and zoonotic deltacoronaviruses with a highly divergent RNA dependent RNA polymerase: A.J. Brown, et al.; Antiviral Res. 169, 104541 (2019) DOI:10.1016/j.antiviral.2019.104541
10) Prophylactic and therapeutic remdesivir (GS-5734) treatment in the rhesus macaque model of MERS-CoV infection: R. de Wit, et al.; PNAS (Epub ahead of print) (2020) DOI:10.1073/pnas.1922083117
11) Remdesivir and chloroquine effectively inhibit the recently emerged novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV) in vitro: M. Wang, et al.; Cell Res. 30, 269 (2020) DOI:10.1038/s41422-020-0282-0
12) The nucleoside analog GS-441524 strongly inhibits feline infectious peritonitis (FIP) virus in tissue culture and experimental cat infection studies DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2018.04.026

GS-441524 준비 용품 및 원자재

원자재

준비 용품

GS-441524 공급 업체

공급자	전화	이메일	국가	제품 수	이점
Hebei Lingding Biotechnology Co., Ltd.	+86-18031140164 +86-19933155420	erin@hbldbiotech.com	China	878	58
Hubei Ipure Biology Co., Ltd	+8613367258412	ada@ipurechemical.com	China	10326	58
Henan Tianfu Chemical Co.,Ltd.	+86-0371-55170693 +86-19937530512	info@tianfuchem.com	China	21691	55
Tianjin Kilo Pharmaceutical Sci-Tech Co., Ltd	+86-02223869539 +86-15560057295	trade.kilopharma@foxmail.com	China	27	58
Xiamen Wonderful Bio Technology Co., Ltd.	+8613043004613	Sara@xmwonderfulbio.com	China	305	58
Hebei Yanxi Chemical Co., Ltd.	+8617531190177	peter@yan-xi.com	China	5993	58
Hebei Weimiao Import and Export Trade Co., Ltd.	+undefined19948166995	sale01@hbweimiao.com	China	71	58
Senova Technology Co. Ltd.	+86-0755-86703119 +8618503098836	info@senovatech.com	China	349	58
Hebei Mojin Biotechnology Co., Ltd	+8613288715578	sales@hbmojin.com	China	12456	58
Dorne Chemical Technology co. LTD	+86-13583358881 +86-18560316533	Ethan@dornechem.com	China	294	58

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