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Sulfur

유황 C화학적 특성, 용도, 생산

개요

Sulfur belongs to a nonmetallic chemical element (pure product: yellow crystalline solid) under the symbol S. It can actively react with many other elements. It exists in various kinds of forms and compound such as sulfide and sulfate minerals which can be found everywhere around the universe and earth. It is also a key element for all life as the major component of amino acids, vitamins and many other cofactors. Sulfur has applications in various kinds of fields. For example, one of its biggest applications is for the production of sulfuric acid for sulfate and phosphate fertilizers. It is also used for the manufacturing of insecticides, fungicides, and bactericides. In pharmaceutical, it can be used for the manufacturing of many kinds of sulfur-containing antibiotics.

화학적 성질

Sulfur, S, is a nonmetallic element that exists in a crystalline or amorphous form and in four stable isotopes. Sulfur melts at temperatures rangingfrom 112.8°C (234 °F) for the rhombic form to 120.0°C(248 °F) for amorphous sulfur,and all forms boil at 444.7°C (835°F). Sulfur occurs as free sulfur in many volcanic areas and is often associated with gypsum and limestone. It is used as a chemical intermediate and fungicide and in the vulcanization of rubber.

물리적 성질

Sulfur is considered a nonmetallic solid. It is found in three allotropic crystal forms:
1. Orthorhombic (or rhombic) octahedral lemon-yellow crystals, which are also called“brimstone” and referred to as “alpha” sulfur. The density of this form of sulfur is 2.06g/cm³, with a melting point of 95.5°C.
2. Monoclinic, prismatic crystals, which are light-yellow in color. This allotrope is referredto as “beta” sulfur. Its density is 1.96 g/cm³, with a melting point of 119.3°C.
3. Amorphous sulfur is formed when molten sulfur is quickly cooled. Amorphous sulfur issoft and elastic, and as it cools, it reverts back to the orthorhombic allotropic form.
Sulfur, in its elemental form, is rather common and does not have a taste or odor except whenin contact with oxygen, when it forms small amounts of sulfur dioxide.

Isotopes

There are a total of 24 isotopes of sulfur; all but four of these are radioactive.The four stable isotopes and their contribution to sulfur’s total abundance on Earth areas follows: S-32 contributes 95.02% to the abundance of sulfur; S-33, just 0.75%; S-34,4.21%; and S-36, 0.02%.

Origin of Name

From the Sanskrit word sulvere and the Latin word sulphurim.

출처

Sulfur has been known since ancient times primarily because it is a rather common substance.It is the 15th most common element in the universe, and though it is not found in allregions of the Earth, there are significant deposits in south Texas and Louisiana, as well in allvolcanoes. Sulfur makes up about 1% of the Earth’s crust.
Sulfur is an element found in many common minerals, such as galena (PbS), pyrite(fool’s gold, FeS₂), sphalerite (ZnS), cinnabar (HgS), and celestite (SrSO₄), among others.About 1/4 of all sulfur procured today is recovered from petroleum production. Themajority of sulfur is the result of or a by-product of mining other minerals from the orescontaining sulfur.
Sulfur is mined by the recovery method known as the Frasch process, which was inventedby Herman Frasch in Germany in the early 1900s. This process forces superheated water,under pressure, into deep underground sulfur deposits. Compressed air then forces the moltensulfur to the surface, where it is cooled. There are other methods for mining sulfur, but theFrasch process is the most important and most economical.
Sulfur is found in Sicily, Canada, Central Europe, and the Arabian oil states, as well as inthe southern United States in Texas and Louisiana and offshore beneath the Gulf of Mexico.

Characteristics

Sulfur exhibits a remarkable array of unique characteristics. Today, there are chemistsdevoting large portions of their careers to studying this unusual element. For example, whensulfur is melted, its viscosity increases, and it turns reddish-black as it is heated. Beyond200°C, the color begins to lighten, and it flows as a thinner liquid.
Sulfur burns with a beautiful subdued blue flame. The old English name for sulfur was“brimstone,” which means “a stone that burns.” This is the origin of the term “fire and brimstone”when referring to great heat. Above 445°C, sulfur turns to a gas, which is dark orangeyellowbut which becomes lighter in color as the temperature rises.
Sulfur is an oxidizing agent and has the ability to combine with most other elements toform compounds.

역사

Sulfur was known to the alchemists from ancient times as brimstone. Lavoisier in 1772 proved sulfur to be an element. The element derived its name from both the Sanskrit and Latin names Sulvere and Sulfurium, respectively. Sulfur is widely distributed in nature, in earth's crust, ocean, meteorites, the moon, sun, and certain stars. It also is found in volcanic gases, natural gases, petroleum crudes, and hot springs. It is found in practically all plant and animal life. Most natural sulfur is in iron sulfides in the deep earth mantle. The abundance of sulfur in earth’s crust is about 350 mg/kg. Its average concentration in seawater is estimated to be about 0.09%. Sulfur occurs in earth’s crust as elemental sulfur (often found in the vicinity of volcanoes), sulfides, and sulfates. The most important sulfur-containing ores are iron pyrite, FeS2; chalcopyrite, CuFeS2; sphalerite, ZnS; galena, PbS; cinnabar HgS; gypsum CaSO4•2H2O; anhydrite CaSO4; kieserite, MgSO4•H2O; celestite, SrSO4; barite, BaSO4; and. stibnite, Sb2S3.

용도

Elemental sulfur is used for vulcanizing rubber; making black gunpowder; as a soil conditioner; as a fungicide; preparing a number of metal sulfides; and producing carbon disulfide. It also is used in matches; bleaching wood pulp, straw, silk, and wool; and in synthesis of many dyes. Pharmaceutical grade precipitated and sublimed sulfurs are used as scabicides and as antiseptics in lotions and ointments.
Important sulfur compounds include sulfuric acid, sulfur dioxide, hydrogen 890 SULFUR sulfide, sulfur trioxide, and a number of metal sulfides and metal oxo- salts such as sulfates, bisulfates, and sulfites. Numerous organic compounds contain sulfur, such as mercaptans, thiophenes, thiophenols, sulfate esters, sulfones, and carbon disulfide.

생산 방법

Elemental sulfur is recovered from its ore deposits found throughout the world. It is obtained commercially by the Frasch process, recovery from wells sunk into salt domes. Heated water under pressure is forced into the underground deposits to melt sulfur. Liquid sulfur is then brought to the surface. Sulfur is recovered by distillation. Often the ore is concentrated by froth flotation.
Elemental sulfur also is recovered as a by-product in processing natural gas and petroleum. Refining operations of natural gas and petroleum crude produce hydrogen sulfide, which also may occur naturally. Hydrogen sulfide is separated from hydrocarbon gases by absorption in an aqueous solution of alkaline solvent such as monoethanol amine. Hydrogen sulfide is concentrated in this solvent and gas is stripped out and oxidized by air at high temperature in the presence of a catalyst (Claus process).
Elemental sulfur also may be obtained by smelting sulfide ores with a reducing agent, such as coke or natural gas, or by reduction of sulfur dioxide.

일반 설명

A pale yellow crystalline solid with a faint odor of rotten eggs. Insoluble in water. A fire and explosion risk above 450° F. Transported as a yellow to red liquid. Handled at elevated temperature (typically 290°F) to prevent solidification and makes transfers easier. Hot enough that plastic or rubber may melt or lose strength. Causes thermal burns to skin on contact. Cools rapidly and solidifies if released. Equipment designed to protect against ordinary chemical exposure is ineffective against the thermal hazard. Exercise caution walking on the surface of a spill to avoid breakthrough into pockets of molten sulfur below the crust. Do not attempt to remove sulfur impregnated clothing because of the danger of tearing flesh if a burn has resulted. May be irritatin to skin, eyes and mucous membranes. Used in sulfuric acid production, petroleum refining, and pulp and paper manufacturing.

공기와 물의 반응

Flammable. Insoluble in water.

위험도

Many of the sulfur compounds are toxic but essential for life. The gas from elemental sulfurand from most of the compounds of sulfur is poisonous when inhaled and deadly wheningested. This is the reason that sulfur compounds are effective for rat and mice exterminationas well an ingredient of insecticides. Sulfa drugs (sulfanilamide and sufadiazine), althoughtoxic, were used as medical antibiotics during World War II before the development of penicillin.They are still used today in veterinary medicine.

건강위험

Can cause eye irritation; may rarely irritate skin. If recovered sulfur, refer to hydrogen sulfide.*

농업용

Brimstone is coarsely ground sulphur which is used to increase the acidity of soil and correct sulphur deficiency inplants.

Safety Profile

Poison by ingestion, intravenous, and intraperitoneal routes. A human eye irritant. A fungcide. Chronic inhalation can cause irritation of mucous membranes. Combustible when exposed to heat or flame or by chemical reaction with oxidzers. Explosive in the form of dust when exposed to flame. Can react violently with halogens, carbides, halogenates, halogenites, zinc, uranium, tin, sodium, lithium, nickel, palladium, phosphorus, potassium, indum, calcium, boron, aluminum, (aluminum + niobium pentoxide), ammonia, ammonium nitrate, ammonium perchlorate, BrF5, BrF3, (Ca + VO + H20), Ca(OCl)2, Cad%, Cs3N, charcoal, (Cu + chlorates), ClO2, Cl0, ClF3, CrO3, Cr(OCl)2, hydrocarbons, IF5,IO5, Pb02, Hg(NO3)2, HgO, Hg20, NO2, P2O3, (KNO3 + As2S3), K3N, KMn04, AgNO3, Ag20, NaH, (NaNO3 + charcoal), (Na + SnI4), SCl2, T12O3, F2. Can react with oxidzing materials. To fight fire, use water or special mixtures of dry chemical. When heated it burns and emits highly toxic fumes of SOX. See also NUISANCE DUSTS.

잠재적 노출

Widely used in manufacture of sulfuric acid; carbon bisulfide; drugs, fungicides, gunpowder, wood pulp; rubber, and other products.

운송 방법

UN1350 Sulfur, Hazard Class: 4.1; Labels: 4.1-Flammable solid (International). NA1350 Sulfur, Hazard class: 9; Labels: 9-Miscellaneous hazardous material (Domestic). UN2448 Sulfur, molten, Hazard Class: 4.1; Labels: 4.1-Flammable solid (International). NA 2448 Sulfur, molten Hazard class: 9; Labels: 9-Miscellaneous hazardous material (Domestic).

비 호환성

Widely used in manufacture of sulfuric acid; carbon bisulfide; drugs, fungicides, gunpowder, wood pulp; rubber, and other products.

폐기물 처리

Salvage for reprocessing or dump to landfill.

참고 문헌

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sulfur#Applications
http://geology.com/minerals/sulfur.shtml
http://www.wisegeek.org/what-is-sulfur.htm

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