즉시 의료기관(의사)의 진찰을 받으시오.
삼켰다면 즉시 의료기관(의사)의 도움을 받으시오.
P312
불편함을 느끼면 의료기관(의사)의 진찰을 받으시오.
P320
긴급히 (…) 처치를 하시오.
P321
(…) 처치를 하시오.
P322
특정 조치(라벨의 … 참조)
P330
입을 씻어내시오.
P361
즉시 오염된 의복을 모두 벗을 것
P363
다시 사용전 오염된 의류는 세척하시오.
P403+P233
용기는 환기가 잘 되는 곳에 단단히 밀폐하여 저장하시오.
P405
밀봉하여 저장하시오.
P501
...에 내용물 / 용기를 폐기 하시오.
Levobupivacaine C화학적 특성, 용도, 생산
화학적 성질
White Solid
용도
Local anaesthetic used for epidural and intrathecal anaesthesia.
일반 설명
Levobupivacaine is the pure “S” enantiomer of bupivacaineand in vivo and in vitro studies confirm that it does notundergo metabolic inversion to R(+) bupivacaine. The pKaof the tertiary nitrogen is 8.09, the same as bupivacaine’s pKa. Levobupivacaine is available in solution for epiduraladministration, peripheral nerve block administration, andinfiltration anesthesia. Clinical trials have shown thatlevobupivacaine and bupivacaine have similar anestheticeffects. Levobupivacaine has lower CNS and cardiotoxicitythan bupivacaine although unintended intravenousinjection when performing nerve blocks may result intoxicity. Racemic bupivacaine is metabolized extensivelywith no unchanged drug found in the urine or feces. Liverenzymes including the CYP3A4 and CYP1A2 isoforms areresponsible for N-dealkylation and 3-hydroxylation oflevobupivacaine followed by glucuronidation or sulfation.
Pharmacology
This is the laevo (S–) enantiomer of bupivacaine, with similar properties to
the racemic mixture, though it has slightly higher protein binding and
clearance and hence a lower potential for cardiac and CNS toxicity. In
practice, several other factors contribute to local anaesthetic toxicity, and the recommended maximum doses remain the same. Its
formulation is expressed as percentage weight per unit volume of free base;
racemic bupivacaine is expressed as percentage weight per unit volume of
hydrochloride salt. Levobupivacaine therefore contains 13% more active
molecules for a given dose.
