CHLOROQUINE

CHLOROQUINE 속성

CHLOROQUINE C화학적 특성, 용도, 생산

개요

Chloroquine is the most effective of the hundreds of 4-aminoquinolines synthesized and tested during World War II as potential antimalarials. Structure–activity relationships demonstrated that the chloro at the 8-position increased activity, whereas alkylation at C-3 and C-8 diminished activity. The replacement of one of its N-ethyl groups with an hydroxyethyl produced hydroxychloroquine, a compound with reduced toxicity that is rarely used today except in cases of rheumatoid arthritis.

화학적 성질

solid

용도

Chloroquine used in the treatment of malaria and MDR-strains. It is a COVID19-related research product.

Indications

Chloroquine (Aralen) is one of several 4-aminoquinoline derivatives that display antimalarial activity. Chloroquine is particularly effective against intraerythrocytic forms because it is concentrated within the parasitized erythrocyte. This preferential drug accumulation appears to occur as a result of specific uptake mechanisms in the parasite. Chloroquine appears to work by intercalation with DNA, inhibition of heme polymerase or by interaction with Ca++–calmodulinmediated mechanisms. It also accumulates in the parasite’s food vacuoles, where it inhibits peptide formation and phospholipases, leading to parasite death.

정의

ChEBI: An aminoquinoline that is quinoline which is substituted at position 4 by a [5-(diethylamino)pentan-2-yl]amino group at at position 7 by chlorine. It is used for the treatment of malaria, hepatic amoebiasis, lupus erythematosus, light-sensitive skin erupti ns, and rheumatoid arthritis.

World Health Organization (WHO)

Chloroquine, a 4-aminoquinoline derivative, was introduced in the 1940s for the treatment and prophylaxis of malaria. It was subsequently found to be effective in higher and prolonged dosage in the treatment of lupus erythematosus, rheumatoid arthritis and nephritis. In the early 1970s its use in these latter conditions was largely discontinued when it was found that prolonged daily administration at high dosage was associated with cases of retinopathy resulting from local deposition of the compound. Chloroquine however remains a valuable drug. It can be used continuously at the dosages required for malaria prophylaxis for as long as five years without risk of undue accumulation and it is included in the WHO Model List of Essential Drugs for both its antimalarial and antiamoebic activity. (Reference: (WHTAC1) The Use of Essential Drugs, 2nd Report of the WHO Expert Committee, 722, , 1985)

Antimicrobial activity

Chloroquine accumulates 300-fold in infected erythrocytes and acts against the early erythrocytic stages of all four species of Plasmodium that cause human malaria. It is also active against the gametocytes of P. vivax, P. ovale and P. malariae, but not against the hepatic stages or mature erythrocytic schizonts and merozoites.

원료

Resistance of P. falciparum is widespread and has become a major problem. The mechanism appears to be either decreased uptake or increased efflux of the drug by the parasite, or both. Changes in genes encoding a P-glycoprotein homolog, Pfmdr1, and another putative transporter, Pfcrt, are associated with resistance. Reversal of resistance with, for example, verapamil or probenecid has been demonstrated in experimental models, but human trials have been disappointing. Chloroquine-resistant P. vivax has been reported in South America and South East Asia.

위험도

Toxic by ingestion. Questionable carcinogen.

Pharmaceutical Applications

A synthetic 4-aminoquinoline, formulated as the phosphate or sulfate for oral administration and as the hydrochloride or sulfate for parenteral use. The salts are soluble in water.

Mechanism of action

The absorption of chloroquine from the gastrointestinal tract is rapid and complete. The drug is distributed widely and is extensively bound to body tissues, with the liver containing 500 times the blood concentration. Such binding is reflected in a large volume of distribution (Vd). Desethylchloroquine is the major metabolite formed following hepatic metabolism, and both the parent compound and its metabolites are slowly eliminated by renal excretion.The half-life of the drug is 6 to 7 days.

Pharmacokinetics

Oral absorption: 80–90%
C_max 300 mg oral: 0.25 mg/L after 1–6 h
Plasma half-life: c. 9 days (mean)
Volume of distribution: 200 L/kg
Plasma protein binding: 50–70%
There is extensive tissue binding and a high affinity for melanin- containing tissues. Chloroquine is extensively metabolized to a biologically active monodesethyl derivative that forms about 20% of the plasma level of the drug. The mean elimination half-life results from an initial phase (3–6 days), a slow phase (12–14 days) and a terminal phase (40 days). Renal clearance is about 50% of the dose.

Clinical Use

The drug is effective against all four types of malaria with the exception of chloroquine-resistant P. falciparum. Chloroquine destroys the blood stages of the infection and therefore ameliorates the clinical symptoms seen in P. malariae, P. vivax, P. ovale, and sensitive P. falciparum forms of malaria. The disease will return in P. vivax and P. ovale malaria, however, unless the liver stages are sequentially treated with primaquine after the administration of chloroquine. Chloroquine also can be used prophylactically in areas where resistance does not exist. In addition to its use as an antimalarial, chloroquine has been used in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis and lupus erythematosus, extraintestinal amebiasis, and photoallergic reactions.

부작용

Minor side effects such as dizziness, headache, rashes, nausea and diarrhea are common. Pruritus occurs in up to 20% of Africans taking chloroquine. Long-term treatment can induce CNS effects and cumulative dosing over many years may cause retinopathy. Rarely, photosensitization, tinnitus and deafness have occurred.

환경귀착

The exact mechanism of action of CQ and HCQ is not completely understood but involves inhibition of DNA and RNA polymerase. They are also direct myocardial depressants that impair cardiac conduction through membrane stabilization. It is unclear how they work in autoimmune diseases.

CHLOROQUINE 준비 용품 및 원자재

원자재

준비 용품

CHLOROQUINE 공급 업체

공급자	전화	이메일	국가	제품 수	이점
SHANDONG ZHI SHANG CHEMICAL CO.LTD	+86 18953170293	sales@sdzschem.com	China	2931	58
Shenzhen Nexconn Pharmatechs Ltd	+86-755-89396905 +86-15013857715	admin@nexconn.com	China	10248	58
CONIER CHEM AND PHARMA LIMITED	+8618523575427	sales@conier.com	China	49390	58
Shaanxi Dideu Medichem Co. Ltd	+86-29-87569266 15319487004	1015@dideu.com	China	2263	58
Guangzhou Yuheng Pharmaceutical Technology Co., Ltd	+8613580539051	joe@yuhengpharm.com	CHINA	21149	58
Zhengzhou Alfa Chemical Co.,Ltd	+8618530059196	sale04@alfachem.cn	China	12468	58
Hubei Ipure Biology Co., Ltd	+8613367258412	ada@ipurechemical.com	China	10326	58
Hefei TNJ Chemical Industry Co.,Ltd.	0551-65418671	sales@tnjchem.com	China	34572	58
HONG KONG IPURE BIOLOGY CO.,LIMITED	86 18062405514 18062405514	ada@ipurechemical.com	CHINA	3465	58
Dideu Industries Group Limited	+86-29-89586680 +86-15129568250	1026@dideu.com	China	29220	58

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