Anti-ACD antibodies, targeting antigens associated with apoptotic cell death, have gained attention in autoimmune and inflammatory disease research. Apoptosis, a programmed cell death mechanism, involves controlled degradation of cellular components. During this process, intracellular antigens undergo post-translational modifications (e.g., citrullination, phosphorylation) and become exposed. In susceptible individuals, these modified antigens may trigger loss of immune tolerance, leading to autoantibody production.
ACD antibodies are particularly studied in conditions like systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) and rheumatoid arthritis (RA), where they contribute to immune complex formation and tissue inflammation. For example, antibodies against apoptotic cell-derived nuclear antigens (e.g., dsDNA, histones) are hallmark biomarkers in SLE. Research also links ACD antibodies to impaired clearance of apoptotic debris, a key factor in chronic inflammation.
Clinically, these antibodies serve diagnostic and prognostic roles. Their detection via ELISA or immunofluorescence aids disease classification, while fluctuating levels may reflect disease activity. Emerging therapies aim to modulate apoptotic processes or enhance debris clearance to reduce autoantigen exposure. However, the exact pathogenic mechanisms and antigenic targets of ACD antibodies remain under investigation, highlighting their complexity in autoimmune pathogenesis.