| | Gamma Butyrolactone Chemical Properties |
| Melting point | -45 °C (lit.) | | Boiling point | 204-205 °C (lit.) | | density | 1.12 g/mL at 25 °C (lit.) | | vapor density | 3 (vs air) | | vapor pressure | 1.5 mm Hg ( 20 °C) | | refractive index | n20/D 1.436(lit.) | | FEMA | 3291 | 4-HYDROXYBUTANOIC ACID LACTONE | | Fp | 209 °F | | storage temp. | 2-8°C | | solubility | DMF: 10 mg/ml; DMSO: 10 mg/ml; Ethanol: 10 mg/ml; PBS (pH 7.2): 1 mg/ml | | color | Clear colorless | | PH Range | 4 at 100 g/l at 20 °C | | Odor | at 100.00 %. creamy oily fatty caramel | | Odor Type | creamy | | explosive limit | 16% | | Water Solubility | MISCIBLE | | Merck | 13,1596 | | JECFA Number | 219 | | BRN | 105248 | | Dielectric constant | 40.960000000000001 | | Stability: | Stable. Hygroscopic. Incompatible with strong oxidizing agents, strong acids, strong bases, strong reducing agents. | | InChIKey | YEJRWHAVMIAJKC-UHFFFAOYSA-N | | LogP | -0.566 at 25℃ | | CAS DataBase Reference | 96-48-0(CAS DataBase Reference) | | IARC | 3 (Vol. 11, Sup 7, 71) 1999 | | NIST Chemistry Reference | «gamma»-Butyrolactone(96-48-0) | | EPA Substance Registry System | .gamma.-Butyrolactone (96-48-0) |
| | Gamma Butyrolactone Usage And Synthesis |
| Chemical properties | Gamma-Butyrolactone (GBL) is a colorless oily liquid. It is miscible with water and the general organic and slightly soluble in aliphatic hydrocarbons. GBL has been characterized as having an intense bitter taste with faint to pleasant odor. | | Uses | Gamma-Butyrolactone (GBL) has widespread industrial use. It is a common solvent found in paint strippers, nail polish removers, stain removers and circuit board cleaners. It is also a common intermediate in industrial chemistry including the manufacture of pyrrolidones and in some pharmaceuticals.
Gamma-Butyrolactone is an important organic synthesis intermediate which can be used to synthesize indole butyric acid, butyric acid, succinic acid, α-pyrrolidone, N-methylpyrrolidone, vinyl pyrrolidone, acetyl-γ-butyrolactone, cyclopropylamine, ciprofloxacin, vitamin B1, chlorophyll and so on;
It is a non-toxic high boiling point solvent with high solubility and safe and convenient usage and management;
It is used as an extractant for butadiene, aromatic, advanced grease petroleum processing;
It is used as an acrylonitrile fiber spinning solvent in the chemical fiber industry.
It is a thinner and curing agent commonly used in wool, nylon, acrylonitrile and other fiber dyeing auxiliaries and other chemical industries.
| | Production | Maleic anhydride hydrogenation method is an advanced technology developed in 1970s. It can produce tetrahydrofuran and γ-butyrolactone in any proportion with a hydrogenation reaction, and the usual ratio is tetrachlorofuran: γ-butyrolactone = 3-4:1.
There are many production enterprises, but usually in small scale. The average level is 300t/a. The production capacity account for 30% of the total domestic production capacity. 2.1, 4-butanediol dehydrogenation reactor is a tube array reactor, filled with flake copper catalyst (with zinc oxide as the carrier). The reaction temperature is controlled at 230-240 ° C. The yield of the product is obtained by reduced pressure distillation of and the yield is above 77%. | | Category | Flammable substance | | Toxicity grading | Middle | | Acute toxicity | oral-rat LD50: 1540 mg/kg; oral-mouse LD50: 1720 mg/kg | | Hazardous characteristics of the explosive | Explosible when react with butanol, 2,4-dichlorophenol and sodium hydroxide | | Flammability hazard | Flammable in case of heat, open flame; being able to react with oxidant; releasing toxic pungent smoke when in the process of pyrolysis. | | Storage and transportation properties | Make sure ventilating, low temperature and drying in the warehouse; separate from the oxidant; prevent fires. | | Extinguishing agent | Dry powder, carbon dioxide, foam | | Description | Dihydro-2(3H)-furanone. An endogenous neuroregulator made
from gamma-amino butyrate and the precursor of gamma hydroxybutyrate. It causes selective increase of brain dopamine by inhibiting its release from nerve terminals. The compound has sedative
properties at low doses and produces surgical anesthesia at high
doses. It is also used as an industrial solvent and precursor. | | Chemical Properties | γ-Butyrolactone is oily, colorless, clear liquid. It has a faint, sweet, aromatic, slightly buttery odor.
γ-Butyrolactone is a lactone. It is hydrolyzed under basic conditions, for example in a sodium hydroxide solution into sodium gamma-hydroxybutyrate, the sodium salt of gamma-hydroxybutyric acid. Under acidic conditions it forms an equilibrium mixture of both compounds. These compounds then may go on to form a polymer. | | Occurrence | Reported found as a constituent in coffee aroma; a volatile flavor component in roasted filberts as well. Also
reported found in tomato, potato, soybeans, beans, vinegar, mushrooms, roasted chicken, beef, cider, beer, wine, scallops and clams. | | Uses | r-butyrolactone is one kind of important fine chemicalintermediate, simultaneously also is one kind of performance fine highboiling point solvent, ideal antioxidant, plasticizer,extracting agent, absorbent, dispersing agent, solid stain, Coagulation Reagent. | | Uses | Intermediate in the synthesis of polyvinylpyrrolidone, DL-methionine, piperidine, phenylbutyric acid, thiobutyric acids. Solvent for polyacrylonitrile, cellulose acetate, methyl methacrylate polymers, polystyrene. Constituent of paint removers, textile aids, drilling oils. | | Uses | For the introduction of 3-carboxypropyl side chain. Used as a component of electrolyte solutions in batteries and capacitors. | | Definition | ChEBI: A butan-4-olide that is tetrahydrofuran substituted by an oxo group at position 2. | | Preparation | γ-Butyrolactone is produced by gas phase 1,4-butanediol under the action of Cu catalyst to produce product γ-butyrolactone and by-product hydrogen. Crude γ-Butyrolactone is purified to remove light and heavy components, with a purity of more than 99.5%, as an export product. At the same time, the by-product hydrogen is sent to other hydrogenation processes for recycling after removing CO and CO2 through the methanation process. | | Aroma threshold values | Detection: 20 to 50 ppm | | Taste threshold values | Taste characteristic at 75 ppm: milky, creamy with fruity peach-like afternotes. | | General Description | Clear colorless oily liquid with a pleasant odor. | | Air & Water Reactions | Hygroscopic. Soluble in water. | | Reactivity Profile | gamma-Butyrolactone can react with oxidizing materials, inorganic acids and bases, alcohols and amines. Rapidly hydrolyzed by bases and slowly hydrolyzed by acids. gamma-Butyrolactone is volatile with steam. . The combination of the lactone, butanol, 2,4-dichlorophenol, and sodium hydroxide in the attempted synthesis of 2,4-dichlorophenoxybutyric acid caused a thermal runaway reaction that eventually exploded, [CISHC Chem. Safety Summ., 1977, 48, 3]. | | Hazard | Toxic by ingestion. Questionable carcino-
gen. | | Fire Hazard | gamma-Butyrolactone is combustible. | | Biochem/physiol Actions | Precursor of γ-hydroxybutyric acid (GHB). It blocks dopamine release by blocking impulse flow in dopaminergic neurons. Pretreatment with γ-butyrolactone allows detection of autoreceptor-induced dopamine release. | | Safety Profile | Moderately toxic by
ingestion, intravenous, and intraperitoneal
routes. An experimental teratogen. Other
experimental reproductive effects.
Questionable carcinogen with experimental
tumorigenic data by skin contact. Mutation
data reported. Less acutely toxic than ppropiolactone. Combustible when exposed
to heat or flame; can react with oxidizing
materials. To fight fire, use foam, alcohol
foam, CO2, dry chemical. Potentially
explosive reaction with butanol + 2,4
dichlorophenol + sodium hydroxide. When
heated to decomposition it emits acrid and
irritating fumes. | | Potential Exposure | Used as a chemical intermediate for
making other chemicals, including pesticides, cosmetics, and
pharmaceuticals; as a solvent for paint, nail polish removers,
and industrial chemicals. Used in electronics, drilling and
petroleum industries as a stabilizer and solvent. Used as a
flavoring agent in various foods and beverages, including
grains and breakfast foods, candy, and alcoholic and nonalcoholic drinks. Drug of abuse: the United States Food and
Drug Administration has warned the public not to purchase
or consume products, containing gamma-butyrolactone
(GBL). FDA has also asked the companies that manufacture
these products to voluntarily recall them. The agency has
received reports of serious health problems—some that are
potentially life-threatening—associated with the use of these
products. Although labeled as dietary supplements and marketed under various brand names, these products are illegally
marketed unapproved new drugs. False advertising claims
include building muscles, improved physical performance,
enhanced sex, reduced stress and induced sleep | | Shipping | Listed by some sources as unregulated. UN2810
Toxic liquids, organic, n.o.s., Hazard Class: 6.1; Labels:
6.1—Poisonous materials, Technical Name Required. | | Purification Methods | Dry the lactone over anhydrous CaSO4, then fractionally distil it. Handle it in a fume cupboard due to its TOXICITY. [Beilstein 17 V 7.] | | Incompatibilities | 4-Butyrolactone is incompatible with
oxidizers (chlorates, nitrates, peroxides, permanganates,
perchlorates, chlorine, bromine, fluorine, etc.); contact may
cause fires or explosions. Keep away from alkaline materials, alcohols, amines, strong and inorganic acids, strong
bases. Rapidly hydrolyzed by bases and slowly hydrolyzed
by acids. It is hygroscopic and volatile with steam.
Combustible; vapor may form explosive mixture with air. | | Waste Disposal | Use a licensed professional
waste disposal service to dispose of this material. Dissolve
or mix the material with a combustible solvent and burn in
a chemical incinerator equipped with an afterburner and
scrubber. It is inappropriate and possibly dangerous to the
environment to dispose of expired or waste drugs and pharmaceuticals by flushing them down the toilet or discarding
them to the trash. Household quantities of expired or waste
pharmaceuticals may be mixed with wet cat litter or coffee
grounds, double-bagged in plastic, discard in trash. Larger
quantities shall carefully take into consideration applicable
DEA, EPA, and FDA regulations. If possible return the
pharmaceutical to the manufacturer for proper disposal
being careful to properly label and securely package the
material. Alternatively, the waste pharmaceutical shall be
labeled, securely packaged and transported by a state
licensed medical waste contractor to dispose by burial in a
licensed hazardous or toxic waste landfill or incinerator.
All federal, state, and local environmental regulations must
be observed. |
| | Gamma Butyrolactone Preparation Products And Raw materials |
| Raw materials | Tetrahydrofuran-->Hydrogen-->CIS-BUTENEDIOIC ANHYDRIDE-->Succinic anhydride-->1,4-Butanediol | | Preparation Products | Tetrahydrofuran-->N-Methyl-2-pyrrolidone-->METHYL 3-(2,2-DICHLOROVINYL)-2,2-DIMETHYL-(1-CYCLOPROPANE)CARBOXYLATE-->Sorbic acid-->Cyclopropylamine-->Glutaric acid-->ethyl 3-(2,2-dichlorovinyl)-2,2-dimethyl-1-cyclopropanecarboxylate-->Cyclopropanecarboxylic acid-->4-Phenylbutyric acid-->GAMMA-CHLOROBUTYROPHENONE-->3-Acetyl-1-propanol-->1-Tetralone-->2-Pyrrolidinone-->3,3,4,4-diphenylsulfonetetracarboxylicdianhydride-->2-Acetylbutyrolactone-->Calcium D-Pantothenate-->4-(2-OXO-1,3-BENZOXAZOL-3(2H)-YL)BUTANOIC ACID-->Indole-3-butyric acid-->2,6-Difluorobenzonitrile-->ALPHA,ALPHA-DIMETHYL-GAMMA-BUTYROLACTONE-->4-Chlorobutyryl chloride-->4-Bromo-2,2-diphenylbutyric acid-->3-[2-chloro-2-(4-chlorophenyl)ethenyl]-2，2-dimethyl cyclopropane carboxylic acid-->Haloperidol-->2-Bromo-4-butanolide-->SODIUM 4-HYDROXYBUTYRATE |
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