| Identification | More | [Name]
Acetic anhydride | [CAS]
108-24-7 | [Synonyms]
AC2O
ACETIC ANHYDRIDE
ACETIC OXIDE
ACETYL OXIDE
AKOS BBS-00004312
CAPPING REAGENT A
ETHANOIC ANHYDRIDE
(CH3CO)2O
Acetanhydrid
Acetanhydride
acetic
Aceticacid,anhydride
aceticacidanhydride
Acetyl acetate
Acetyl anhydride
Acetyl ether
acetylanhydride
acetylether
Anhydrid kyseliny octove
Anhydride acetique | [EINECS(EC#)]
203-564-8 | [Molecular Formula]
C4H6O3 | [MDL Number]
MFCD00008705 | [Molecular Weight]
102.09 | [MOL File]
108-24-7.mol |
| Chemical Properties | Back Directory | [Description]
Acetic anhydride is a colourless liquid and appreciably soluble in water. It is of ethanoic acid
smell. Acetic acid anhydride is flammable, moisture sensitive, and incompatible with strong oxidising agents, water, strong bases, alcohols, metals, reducing agents, amines, ammonia,
nitrates, nitric acid, permanganates, phenols, sodium hydroxide, hydrogen peroxide, chromium
trioxide, potassium hydroxide, perchloric acid, and ethanol. Acetic anhydride is
mainly used for the acetylation of cellulose to cellulose acetate for photographic film and
other applications. Upon burning, acetic anhydride decomposes and produces toxic gases
and toxic fumes including acetic acid fumes. It attacks many metals with or without the presence
of water. | [Appearance]
Acetic anhydride is a combustible, colorless, strongly refractive, liquid which has a strongly irritating odor. | [Melting point ]
-73.1 °C | [Boiling point ]
140 °C | [density ]
1.087 | [vapor density ]
3.5 (vs air)
| [vapor pressure ]
10 mm Hg ( 36 °C)
| [refractive index ]
n20/D 1.390(lit.)
| [Fp ]
130 °F
| [storage temp. ]
Store at RT. | [solubility ]
Miscible with ether, chloroform and benzene. | [form ]
Liquid | [color ]
Colorless | [Specific Gravity]
1.082 | [Odor]
Very strong; pungent; vinegar-like characteristic odor. | [PH]
3 (10g/l, H2O, 20°C) | [Stability:]
Stability Flammable. Incompatible with strong oxidizing agents, water, strong bases, alcohols. | [explosive limit]
2.0-10.2%(V) | [Odor Type]
acidic | [Water Solubility ]
REACTS | [Sensitive ]
Moisture Sensitive | [Usage]
Acetic anhydride is an important solvent and acetylation agent. It is used for the manufacture of acetylcellulose, acetylsalicylic acid, acetanilide, nitrofurane, sulfonamides, vitamin B6 etc. Product Data Sheet | [Merck ]
14,56 | [BRN ]
385737 | [Dielectric constant]
20.0 | [Exposure limits]
NIOSH REL: ceiling 5 ppm (20 mg/m3), IDLH 200 ppm; OSHA PEL: 5 ppm;
ACGIH TLV: ceiling 5 ppm. | [LogP]
-0.58 at 20℃ | [Uses]
Acetic Anhydride is an esterifier for food starch; also used in combi-
nation with adipic anhydride. | [CAS DataBase Reference]
108-24-7(CAS DataBase Reference) | [NIST Chemistry Reference]
Acetic acid anhydride(108-24-7) | [EPA Substance Registry System]
108-24-7(EPA Substance) |
| Safety Data | Back Directory | [Hazard Codes ]
C,Xn,F,Xi | [Risk Statements ]
R11:Highly Flammable.
R20/21/22:Harmful by inhalation, in contact with skin and if swallowed .
R37/38:Irritating to respiratory system and skin .
R41:Risk of serious damage to eyes.
R34:Causes burns.
R20/21:Harmful by inhalation and in contact with skin .
R10:Flammable.
R20/22:Harmful by inhalation and if swallowed .
R19:May form explosive peroxides. | [Safety Statements ]
S26:In case of contact with eyes, rinse immediately with plenty of water and seek medical advice .
S39:Wear eye/face protection .
S45:In case of accident or if you feel unwell, seek medical advice immediately (show label where possible) .
S36/37/39:Wear suitable protective clothing, gloves and eye/face protection .
S33:Take precautionary measures against static discharges .
S16:Keep away from sources of ignition-No smoking . | [RIDADR ]
UN 2924 3/PG 2
| [WGK Germany ]
3
| [RTECS ]
AK1925000
| [F ]
21 | [Autoignition Temperature]
629 °F | [TSCA ]
Yes | [HazardClass ]
8 | [PackingGroup ]
II | [HS Code ]
29152400 | [Safety Profile]
Moderately toxic by inhalation, ingestion, and skin contact. A skin and severe eye irritant. A flammable liquid. A fire and explosion hazard when exposed to heat or flame. Potentially explosive reactions with barium peroxide, boric acid, chromium trioxide, 1,3diphenyltriazene, hydrochloric acid + water, hypochlorous acid, nitric acid, perchloric acid + water, peroxyacetic acid, potassium permanganate, tetrafluoroboric acid, 4toluenesulfonic acid + water, and acetic acid + water. Reactions with ethanol + sodium hydrogen sulfate, and hydrogen peroxide form explosive products. Reactions with ammonium nitrate + hexamethylenetetrammonium acetate + nitric acid form as products the military explosives RDX and HMX. Reacts violently with N-tert-butyl-phthalimic acid + tetrafluoroboric acid, chromic acid, glycerol + phosphoryl chloride, and metal nitrates (e.g., copper or sodium nitrates). Incompatible with 2-aminoethanol, aniline, chlorosulfonic acid, (CrOs + acetic acid), ethylene-diamine, ethyleneimine, glycerol, oleum, HF, permanganates, NaOH, Na2O2, H2SO4, water, N2O2, (glycerol + phosphoryl chloride). When heated to decomposition it emits toxic fumes; can react vigorously with oxidizing materials, wdl react violently on contact with water or steam. Used in production of drugs of abuse. To fight fire, use CO2, dry chemical, water mist, alcohol foam. See also ANHYDRIDES. | [Hazardous Substances Data]
108-24-7(Hazardous Substances Data) | [Toxicity]
LD50 orally in rats: 1.78 g/kg (Smyth) | [IDLA]
200 ppm |
| Raw materials And Preparation Products | Back Directory | [Raw materials]
Ethyl acetate-->Acetic acid-->Ammonia-->Acetyl ketene-->ketene-->Triethyl phosphate-->olefine ketone | [Preparation Products]
4-(METHOXYCARBONYL)NICOTINIC ACID-->1-BENZOTHIOPHENE-3-SULFONYL CHLORIDE-->2-cyano-N-methyl-N-[(methylamino)carbonyl]acetamide-->Magnesium acetate-->N-(2-METHOXY-4-NITROPHENYL)ACETAMIDE-->Antimony triacetate-->water-proofing agent PF-->3-(METHOXYCARBONYL)PYRIDINE-2-CARBOXYLIC ACID-->2-Acetylamino-4-methylpyridine-->3-ACETYL-2,5-DIMETHYLFURAN-->3,4-PYRIDINEDICARBOXIMIDE-->N-Hydroxysulfosuccinimide sodium salt-->N-(6-CHLORO-3-NITROPYRIDIN-2-YL)ACETAMIDE-->4-AMINO-2-(METHYLTHIO)PYRIMIDINE-5-CARBONITRILE-->2-ACETAMIDO-5-PICOLINE-->4-Acetamido-2-chloropyridine-->6-(ACETYLAMINO)-2-PYRIDINECARBOXYLIC ACID-->2-ACETYLAMINO-5-BROMO-6-METHYLPYRIDINE-->1,3-Dimethyl-8-nitro-1H-purine-2,6(3H,9H)-dione ,97%-->(2R,3R)-2-Amino-3-methylpentanoic acid-->6-Amino-1,3-dimethyl-1,2,3,4-tetrahydropyrimidine-2,4-dione-->5-ALPHA-ANDROSTANE-ALPHA-NOR-2,17-DIONE-->DL-THREO-2-ACETAMIDO-L-(4-NITROPHENYL)-L,3-PROPANEDIOL-->Vitamin E-->(6-BROMO-2-PYRIDINYL)-CARBAMIC ACID,1,1-DIMETHYLETHYL ESTER-->7-(Acetylamino)-4-hydroxy-2-naphthalenesulfonic acid-->2-Ethylbutyl acetate-->2-[(Acetyloxy)methoxy]ethyl acetate-->FARNESOL-->4-ACETAMIDO-3-NITROPYRIDINE-->2-ACETAMIDO-3-PICOLINE-->PYRIDINE-3,4-DICARBOXYLIC ANHYDRIDE-->19-Nor-17-alpha-pregna-3,5-dien-20-yne-3,17-diol, diacetate-->methyl 2-cyano-3-ethoxyacrylate-->2,4,6-TRIHYDROXY-1,3-DIMETHYL BENZENE-->D-Phenylalanine-->N-Acetyl-L-glutamine-->O-ACETYLRICINOLEIC ACID METHYL ESTER-->Cellulose acetate-->N-Acetylmorpholine-->Pengitoxin |
| Hazard Information | Back Directory | [General Description]
A clear colorless liquid with a strong odor of vinegar. Flash point 129°F. Corrosive to metals and tissue. Density 9.0 lb /gal. Used to make fibers, plastics, pharmaceuticals, dyes, and explosives. | [Reactivity Profile]
ACETIC ANHYDRIDE(108-24-7) reacts violently on contact with water, steam, methanol, ethanol, glycerol and boric acid. Reaction with water is particularly dangerous in presence with mineral acids (e.g., nitric, perchloric, chromic, sulfuric acid) [Chem. Eng. News 25, 3458]. Potentially explosive reactions with oxidizing reagents such as barium peroxide, chromium trioxide, chromic acid, hypochlorous acid, nitric acid, perchloric acid, peroxyacetic acid, potassium permanganate, hydrogen peroxide. [Sax, 9th ed., 1996, p. 15]. Reacts violently with metal nitrates used as nitrating agents [Davey W. et al., Chem. & Ind., 1948, p. 814]. | [Air & Water Reactions]
Flammable. Reacts violently with water to generate acetic acid . This reaction is heightened by the presence of mineral acids (nitric, perchloric, sulfuric acid, etc.) [Chem. Eng. News 25, 3458]. | [Health Hazard]
Liquid is volatile and causes little irritation on uncovered skin. However, causes severe burns when clothing is wet with the chemical or if it enters gloves or shoes. Causes skin and eye burns and irritation of respiratory tract. Nausea and vomiting may develop after exposure. | [Potential Exposure]
Acetic anhydride is used as an acetylating agent or as a solvent in the manufacture of cellulose acetate, acetanilide, aspirin, synthetic fibers, plastics, explosives, resins, perfumes, and flavorings; and it is used in the textile dyeing industry. It is widely used as a pharmaceutical intermediate and as a pesticide intermediate | [First aid]
If this chemical gets into the eyes, remove any contact lenses at once and irrigate immediately with large amounts of water. If this chemical contacts the skin, quickly remove clothing and immediately wash area with large amounts of water. If a person breathes this chemical, move the exposed person to fresh air at once and perform (using universal precautions, including resuscitation mask) if breathing has stopped and CPR if hearth action hasstopped. When this chemical has been swallowed, get medical attention immediately. If victim is conscious, administer water or milk. Do not induce vomiting
| [Shipping]
UN1715 Acetic anhydride, Hazard class: 8; Labels: 8-Corrosive material, 3-Flammable liquid. | [Incompatibilities]
Incompatible with oxidizers (chlorates, nitrates, peroxides, permanganates, perchlorates, chlorine, bromine, fluorine, etc.); contact may cause fires or explosions. Keep away from alkaline materials, strong bases, strong acids, oxoacids, epoxides, alcohols, chromic acid (violent reaction), amines, strong caustics; finely divided metals. Contact with water forms acetic acid and liberates a large amount of heat. Corrosive to iron, steel and other metals. | [Chemical Properties]
Acetic anhydride is a combustible, colorless, strongly refractive, liquid which has a strongly irritating odor. | [Chemical Properties]
Acetic anhydride, or ethanoic anhydride, is the chemical compound with the formula (CH3CO)2O. Commonly abbreviated Ac2O, it is the simplest isolatable acid anhydride and is a widely used reagent in organic synthesis. It is a colorless liquid that smells strongly of acetic acid, formed by its reaction with the moisture in the air.
Formic anhydride is an even simpler acid anhydride, but it spontaneously decomposes, especially once removed from solution. | [Chemical Properties]
An esterification agent used in the preparation of modified starch and for acetylation of acetylated monoglycerides. It
has a strong acetic odor.
| [Chemical Properties]
Colorless liquid | [Waste Disposal]
Dissolve or mix the material with a combustible solvent and burn in a chemical incinerator equipped with an afterburner and scrubber. All federal, state, and local environmental regulations must be observed. | [Physical properties]
Colorless, very mobile liquid with a very strong, acetic acid-like odor. Experimentally determined
detection and recognition odor threshold concentrations were <600 μg/m3 (<140 ppbv) and 1.5
mg/m3 (360 ppbv), respectively (Hellman and Small, 1974). | [Occurrence]
Reported found in watercress (Nasturtium officinale r. br.). | [Application]
As indicated by its organic chemistry, Ac2O is mainly used for acetylations leading to commercially significant materials. Its largest application is for the conversion of cellulose to cellulose acetate, which is a component of photographic film and other coated materials. Similarly it is used in the production of aspirin (acetylsalicylic acid), which is prepared by the acetylation of salicylic acid.It is also used as a wood preservative via autoclave impregnation to make a longer lasting timber.
In starch industry, acetic anydride is a common acetylation compound, used for the production of modified starches
Because of its use for the synthesis of heroin by the diacetylation of morphine, acetic anhydride is listed as a U.S. DEA List II precursor, and restricted in many other countries. | [Definition]
ChEBI: An cyclic carboxylic anhydride of acetic acid. | [Production Methods]
Acetic anhydride is produced by carbonylation of methyl acetate :
CH3CO2CH3 + CO → (CH3CO)2O
This process involves the conversion of methyl acetate to methyl iodide and an acetate salt. Carbonylation of the methyl iodide in turn affords acetyl iodide, which reacts with acetate salts or acetic acid to give the product. Rhodium iodide and lithium iodide are employed as catalysts. Because acetic anhydride is not stable in water, the conversion is conducted under anhydrous conditions. In contrast, the Monsanto acetic acid process, which also involves a rhodium catalyzed carbonylation of methyl iodide, is at least partially aqueous.
To a decreasing extent, acetic anhydride is also prepared by the reaction of ethenone (ketene) with acetic acid at 45–55 °C and low pressure (0.05–0.2 bar).
H2C= C= O + CH3COOH → (CH3CO)2O (ΔH = ?63 kJ/mol)
Ketene is generated by dehydrating acetic acid at 700–750 °C in the presence of triethyl phosphate as a catalyst or (in Switzerland and the CIS) by the thermolysis of acetone at 600–700 °C in the presence of carbon disulfide as a catalyst.
CH3COOH H2C= C= O + H2O (ΔH = +147 kJ/mol)
CH3COCH3 → H2C= C= O + CH4
The route from acetic acid to acetic anhydride via ketene was developed by Wacker Chemie in 1922, when the demand for acetic anhydride increased due to the production of cellulose acetate.
Due to its low cost, acetic anhydride is purchased, not prepared, for use in research laboratories. | [Reactions]
introduction of acetyl groups to organic substrates . In these conversions, acetic anhydride is viewed as a source of CH3CO+. Alcohols and amines are readily acetylated. For example, the reaction of acetic anhydride with ethanol yields ethyl acetate:
(CH3CO)2O + CH3CH2OH → CH3CO2CH2CH3 + CH3COOH
Often a base such as pyridine is added to function as catalyst. In specialized applications, Lewis acidic scandium salts have also proven effective catalysts.
Aromatic rings are acetylated, usually in the presence of an acid catalyst. Illustrative is the conversion of benzene to aceto phenone:
(CH3CO)2O + C6H6 → CH3COC6H5 + CH3CO2H
Ferrocene can be acetylated as well:
Cp2Fe + (CH3CO)2O → CpFe(C5H4COCH3). | [Aroma threshold values]
Detection: 490 ppb; Recognition: 1.5 ppm | [Synthesis Reference(s)]
Synthetic Communications, 3, p. 63, 1973 DOI: 10.1080/00397917308062006
Tetrahedron Letters, 27, p. 4937, 1986 DOI: 10.1016/S0040-4039(00)85101-1 | [Flammability and Explosibility]
Flammable | [Chemical Reactivity]
Reactivity with Water: Reacts slowly with water, but considerable heat is liberated when contacted with spray water; Reactivity with Common Materials: Corrodes iron, steel and other metals; Stability During Transport: Stable; Neutralizing Agents for Acids and Caustics: Dilute with water and use sodium bicarbonate solution to rinse; Polymerization: Not pertinent; Inhibitor of Polymerization: Not pertinent. | [Synthesis]
It may be synthesized from diacetyl by partial reduction with zinc and acid or may be derived from fermentation | [Environmental Fate]
Chemical/Physical. Slowly dissolves in water forming acetic acid. In ethanol, ethyl acetate is
formed (Windholz et al., 1983). | [Purification Methods]
Adequate purification can usually be achieved by fractional distillation through an efficient column. Acetic acid can be removed by prior refluxing with CaC2 or with coarse Mg filings at 80-90o for 5days, or by distillation from a large excess of quinoline (1% AcOH in quinoline) at 75mm pressure. Acetic anhydride can also be dried by standing with Na wire for up to a week, removing the Na and distilling it under vacuum. (Na reacts vigorously with acetic anhydride at 65-70o). Dippy & Evans [J Org Chem 15 451 1950] let the anhydride (500g) stand over P2O5 (50g) for 3hours, then decanted it and stood it with ignited K2CO3 for a further 3hours. The supernatant liquid was distilled and the fraction b 136-138o was further dried with P2O5 for 12hours, followed by shaking with ignited K2CO3, before two further distillations through a five-section Young and Thomas fractionating column. The final material distilled at 137.8-138.0o. It can also be purified by azeotropic distillation with toluene: the azeotrope boils at 100.6o. After removal of the remaining toluene, the anhydride is distilled [sample had a specific conductivity of 5 x 10-9 ohm-1cm -1]. [Beilstein 2 H 96, 2 I 39, 2 II 91, 2 III 134, 2 IV 94.] Rapid procedure: Shake with P2O5, separate, shake with dry K2CO3 and fractionally distil. |
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