Thorium

THORIUM Struktur
7440-29-1
CAS-Nr.
7440-29-1
Bezeichnung:
Thorium
Englisch Name:
THORIUM
Synonyma:
90Th;Torio;THORIUM;Chebi:33385;Thorium-232;THORIUM STANDARD;Thorium, pyrophoric;Th Standard Solution;thorium metal,pyrophoric;ZSLUVFAKFWKJRC-UHFFFAOYSA-N
CBNumber:
CB5350759
Summenformel:
Th
Molgewicht:
232.04
MOL-Datei:
7440-29-1.mol

Thorium Eigenschaften

Schmelzpunkt:
1750° (Katzin, Sonnenberger); mp 1690° (Cuthbert)
Siedepunkt:
bp ~3800°
Dichte
1.03 g/mL at 25 °C
Löslichkeit
soluble in acid solutions
Aggregatzustand
soft gray-white metal
Farbe
soft gray-white metal; cubic
Wasserlöslichkeit
soluble acids; insoluble H2O, alkalies [HAW93]
IARC
1 (Vol. 78, 100D) 2012
EPA chemische Informationen
Thorium-232 (7440-29-1)
Sicherheit
  • Risiko- und Sicherheitserklärung
  • Gefahreninformationscode (GHS)
Kennzeichnung gefährlicher T
R-Sätze: 23/24/25-34
S-Sätze: 26-27-28-36/37/39-45
RIDADR  UN 3264 8/PG 3
HazardClass  7
PackingGroup  Commercial
Giftige Stoffe Daten 7440-29-1(Hazardous Substances Data)
Bildanzeige (GHS) GHS hazard pictogramsGHS hazard pictogramsGHS hazard pictograms
Alarmwort Achtung
Gefahrenhinweise
Code Gefahrenhinweise Gefahrenklasse Abteilung Alarmwort Symbol P-Code
H272 Kann Brand verstärken; Oxidationsmittel. Oxidierende Flüssigkeiten (Kapitel 2.13), Kategorie 2 (Ox. Liq. 2), H272 Oxidierende Flüssigkeiten (Kapitel 2.13), Kategorie 2 Achtung
Warnung
GHS hazard pictogramssrc="/GHS03.jpg" width="20" height="20" /> P210, P220, P221P280, P370+P378,P501
H302 Gesundheitsschädlich bei Verschlucken. Akute Toxizität oral Kategorie 4 Warnung GHS hazard pictogramssrc="/GHS07.jpg" width="20" height="20" /> P264, P270, P301+P312, P330, P501
H315 Verursacht Hautreizungen. Hautreizung Kategorie 2 Warnung GHS hazard pictogramssrc="/GHS07.jpg" width="20" height="20" /> P264, P280, P302+P352, P321,P332+P313, P362
H319 Verursacht schwere Augenreizung. Schwere Augenreizung Kategorie 2 Warnung GHS hazard pictogramssrc="/GHS07.jpg" width="20" height="20" /> P264, P280, P305+P351+P338,P337+P313P
H335 Kann die Atemwege reizen. Spezifische Zielorgan-Toxizität (einmalige Exposition) Kategorie 3 (Atemwegsreizung) Warnung GHS hazard pictogramssrc="/GHS07.jpg" width="20" height="20" />
H373 Kann die Organe schädigen bei längerer oder wiederholter Exposition. Spezifische Zielorgan-Toxizität (wiederholte Exposition) Kategorie 2 Warnung P260, P314, P501
Sicherheit
P210 Von Hitze, heißen Oberflächen, Funken, offenen Flammen und anderen Zündquellenarten fernhalten. Nicht rauchen.
P220 Von Kleidung und anderen brennbaren Materialien fernhalten.
P260 Dampf/Aerosol/Nebel nicht einatmen.
P264 Nach Gebrauch gründlich waschen.
P264 Nach Gebrauch gründlich waschen.
P270 Bei Gebrauch nicht essen, trinken oder rauchen.
P280 Schutzhandschuhe/Schutzkleidung/Augenschutz tragen.
P301+P312 BEI VERSCHLUCKEN: Bei Unwohlsein GIFTINFORMATIONSZENTRUM/Arzt/... (geeignete Stelle für medizinische Notfallversorgung vom Hersteller/Lieferanten anzugeben) anrufen.
P302+P352 BEI BERÜHRUNG MIT DER HAUT: Mit viel Wasser/... (Hersteller kann, falls zweckmäßig, ein Reinigungsmittel angeben oder, wenn Wasser eindeutig ungeeignet ist, ein alternatives Mittel empfehlen) waschen.
P314 Bei Unwohlsein ärztlichen Rat einholen / ärztliche Hilfe hinzuziehen.
P330 Mund ausspülen.
P370+P378 Bei Brand: zum Löschen verwenden.
P501 Inhalt/Behälter ... (Entsorgungsvorschriften vom Hersteller anzugeben) zuführen.

Thorium Chemische Eigenschaften,Einsatz,Produktion Methoden

ERSCHEINUNGSBILD

GRAUWEISSES, GLäNZENDES METALL; FESTSTOFF IN VERSCHIEDENEN FORMEN.

PHYSIKALISCHE GEFAHREN

Staubexplosion der pulverisierten oder granulierten Substanz in Gemischen mit Luft möglich. Die trockene Substanz kann durch Verwirbeln, Druckluft, Fließen usw. elektrostatisch aufgeladen werden.

CHEMISCHE GEFAHREN

Erhitzen kann zu sehr heftiger Verbrennung oder Explosion führen. Bei Stoß, Reibung oder Erschütterung explosionsartige Zersetzung möglich. Beim Verbrennen Bildung giftiger Rauche. Reagiert sehr heftig mit starken Oxidationsmitteln unter Feuer- und Explosionsgefahr.

ARBEITSPLATZGRENZWERTE

TLV nicht festgelegt (ACGIH 2005).
MAK nicht festgelegt (DFG 2005).

AUFNAHMEWEGE

Aufnahme in den Körper durch Inhalation, über die Haut und durch Verschlucken.

INHALATIONSGEFAHREN

Verdampfung bei 20°C vernachlässigbar; eine gesundheitsschädliche Partikelkonzentration in der Luft kann jedoch schnell erreicht werden.

WIRKUNGEN BEI KURZZEITEXPOSITION

WIRKUNGEN BEI KURZZEITEXPOSITION:
Die Substanz reizt die Augen, die Haut und die Atemwege. Inhalation des Dampfes oder Aerosols kann zu Knochen- und Lungenschäden führen. Möglich sind Auswirkungen auf das blutbildende System mit nachfolgender perniziöser Anämie. Die Auswirkungen treten u.U. (s. Anm.)verzögert ein. ärztliche Beobachtung notwendig.

WIRKUNGEN NACH WIEDERHOLTER ODER LANGZEITEXPOSITION

Wiederholter oder andauernder Hautkontakt kann Dermatitis hervorrufen. Risiko der Lungenschädigung bei wiederholter oder längerer Staubexposition. Krebserzeugend für den Menschen. Kann zu vererbbaren genetischen Schäden führen. Kann fruchtbarkeitsschädigend oder entwicklungsschädigend wirken.

LECKAGE

Gefahrenbereich verlassen! Fachmann zu Rate ziehen! Verschüttetes Material in Behältern sammeln; falls erforderlich durch Anfeuchten Staubentwicklung verhindern. Reste sorgfältig sammeln. An sicheren Ort bringen. Persönliche Schutzausrüstung: Vollschutzanzug mit umgebungsluftunabhängigem Atemschutzgerät.

R-Sätze Betriebsanweisung:

R23/24/25:Giftig beim Einatmen, Verschlucken und Berührung mit der Haut.
R34:Verursacht Verätzungen.

S-Sätze Betriebsanweisung:

S26:Bei Berührung mit den Augen sofort gründlich mit Wasser abspülen und Arzt konsultieren.
S27:Beschmutzte, getränkte Kleidung sofort ausziehen.
S28:Bei Berührung mit der Haut sofort abwaschen mit viel . . . (vom Hersteller anzugeben).
S36/37/39:Bei der Arbeit geeignete Schutzkleidung,Schutzhandschuhe und Schutzbrille/Gesichtsschutz tragen.
S45:Bei Unfall oder Unwohlsein sofort Arzt zuziehen (wenn möglich, dieses Etikett vorzeigen).

Beschreibung

Discovered in 1828 by Berzelius, thorium is a naturally occurring radioactive metal with no stable isotopes, which is named for the Norse god Thor. It is about as abundant as lead. Soil commonly contains an average of about six parts of thorium per million parts (ppm) of soil. Thorium occurs in the minerals thorite, thorianite, orangite, and yttrocrasite, and in monazite sand. Rocks in some underground mines may also contain thorium in a more concentrated form. After these rocks are mined, thorium is usually concentrated and changed into thorium dioxide or other chemical forms. Thorium-bearing rock that has had most of the thoriumremoved from it is called ‘depleted’ ore or tailings.

Chemische Eigenschaften

Thorium is a silvery-white, soft, ductile metal which is a natural radioactive element.

Physikalische Eigenschaften

Thorium is a radioactive, silvery-white metal when freshly cut. It takes a month or morefor it to tarnish in air, at which point it forms a coating of black oxide. Although it is heavy,it is also a soft and malleable actinide metal. The metal has a rather low melting point, but itsoxide has a very high melting point of about 3,300°C. Thorium reacts slowly with water butreacts more vigorously with hydrochloric acid (HCl).
Thorium’s melting point is 1,750°C, its boiling point is 4,788°C, and its density is 11.79g/cm3.

Isotopes

There are 30 radioisotopes of thorium. One isotope in particular, thorium-232,although a weak source of radiation, has such a long half-life (1.405×10+10 years, orabout 14 billion years) that it still exists in nature and is considered stable.

Origin of Name

Thorium was named for Thor, the Scandinavian (Norse) god of “thunder.”

Occurrence

Thorium is the 37th most abundant element found on Earth, and it makes up about0.0007% of the Earth’s crust. It is mostly found in the ores of thorite, thorianite (the oxide ofthorium), and monazite sand. It is about as abundant as lead in the Earth’s crust. As a potentialfuel for nuclear reactors, thorium has more energy potential than the entire Earth’s supply ofuranium, coal, and gas combined.

Charakteristisch

Thorium is chemically similar to hafnium (72Hf ) and zirconium (40Zr), located just above itin group 4 (IVB). Thorium-232 is found in nature in rather large quantities and goes througha complicated decay process called the thorium decay series. This series involves both alphaand beta emissions, as follows: Th-232 →Ra-228→Ac-228→Th-228→Ra-224→Rn-220→Po-216→Po-212→Pb-212→Bi-212→Ti-208→Pb-208. Thorium-232 can also be convertedinto thorium-233 or uranium-233 by bombarding it with neutrons. This results in Th-232adding a neutron to its nucleus, thus increasing its atomic weight. It then decays into uranium-233. This makes it potentially useful as an experimental new type of fissionable materialfor use in nuclear reactors designed to produce electricity.

Verwenden

Thorium has several commercial uses. For example, thorium oxide (ThO2) has several uses,including in the Welsbach lantern mantle that glows with a bright flame when heated by agas burner. Because of the oxide’s high melting point, it is used to make high-temperaturecrucibles, as well as glass with a high index of refraction in optical instruments. It is alsoused as a catalyst in the production of sulfuric acid (H2SO4), in the cracking procedures inthe petroleum industry, and in the conversion of ammonia (NH3) into nitric acid (HNO3).Thorium is used as a “jacket” around the core of nuclear reactors, where it becomes fissionableuranium-233 that is then used for the nuclear reaction to produce energy. Additionally,it is used in photoelectric cells and X-ray tubes and as a coating on the tungsten used to makefilaments for light bulbs. It has great potential to supplant all other nonrenewable energysources (i.e., coal, gas, and atomic energy). Thorium-232 can be converted into uranium-233,a fissionable fuel available in much greater quantities than other forms of fissionable materialsused in nuclear reactors.

Definition

A toxic radioactive element of the actinoid series that is a soft ductile silvery metal. It has several long-lived radioisotopes found in a variety of minerals including monazite. Thorium is used in magnesium alloys, incandescent gas mantles, and nuclear fuel elements. Symbol: Th; m.p. 1780°C; b.p. 4790°C (approx.); r.d. 11.72 (20°C); p.n. 90; r.a.m. 232.0381.

Vorbereitung Methode

Thorium is extracted from monazite sand concentrates for metallurgical and other purposes by digestion with either hot, fuming sulfuric acid or caustic soda. The resultant mass is diluted with water that dissolves thorium, uranium, and rare earth metals, leaving unreacted monazite, silica, rutile (TiO2), and zircon (ZrSiO4). Neutralization of the liquor precipitates thorium phosphate, leaving behind uranium and most of the rare earth metals.
In 1974, U.S. domestic use of thorium was about 80 tons, about one-half of which was employed to produce nuclear fuels and for nuclear research. Principal nonenergy applications applications were in the production of Welsbach incandescent gaslight mantles, as a hardener in Th–Mg alloys, in thoriated tungsten electrodes, and for chemical catalytic uses. Overall, the consumption of thorium in the United States has decreased significantly over the past several decades as nonradioactive substances have replaced thorium in many applications.

Allgemeine Beschreibung

Silver to grayish radioactive metal. Twice as dense as lead. Radioactive materials emit ionizing radiation, detectable only using special instruments. Exposure to intense levels of radiation or prolonged exposure to low levels can be harmful. Film is also damaged by radiation.

Air & Water Reaktionen

Pyrophoric material, spontaneously ignites in air.

Reaktivität anzeigen

THORIUM when heated with chlorine (or sulfur), reacts vigorously with incandescence [Mellor 7:208 1946-47]. When thorium is heated with phosphorus, they unite with incandescence [Svenska Akad. 1829 p.1].

Hazard

Flammable and explosive in powder form. Dusts of thorium have very low ignition points and may ignite at room temperature. Radioactive decay isotopes are dangerous when ingested.

Health Hazard

Radiation presents minimal risk to transport workers, emergency response personnel and the public during transportation accidents. Packaging durability increases as potential hazard of radioactive content increases. Undamaged packages are safe. Contents of damaged packages may cause higher external radiation exposure, or both external and internal radiation exposure if contents are released. Low radiation hazard when material is inside container. If material is released from package or bulk container, hazard will vary from low to moderate. Level of hazard will depend on the type and amount of radioactivity, the kind of material it is in, and/or the surfaces it is on. Some material may be released from packages during accidents of moderate severity but risks to people are not great. Released radioactive materials or contaminated objects usually will be visible if packaging fails. Some exclusive use shipments of bulk and packaged materials will not have "RADIOACTIVE" labels. Placards, markings and shipping papers provide identification. Some packages may have a "RADIOACTIVE" label and a second hazard label. The second hazard is usually greater than the radiation hazard; so follow this GUIDE as well as the response GUIDE for the second hazard class label. Some radioactive materials cannot be detected by commonly available instruments. Runoff from control of cargo fire may cause low-level pollution.

Sicherheitsprofil

Suspected carcinogen. Taken internally as Th02, it has proven to be carcinogenic due to its radioactivity. On an acute basis it has caused dermatitis. Flammable in the form of dust when exposed to heat or flame, or by chemical reaction with oxidizers. The powder may ignite spontaneously in air. Potentially hazardous reactions with chlorine, fluorine, bromine, oxygen, phosphorus, silver, sulfur, air, nitryl fluoride, peroxyformic acid.

mögliche Exposition

Metallic thorium is used in nuclear reactors to produce nuclear fuel; in the manufacture of incandescent mantles; as an alloying material, especially with some of the lighter metals, for example, magnesium as a reducing agent in metallurgy; for filament coatings in incandescent lamps and vacuum tubes; as a catalyst in organic synthesis; in ceramics; and in welding electrodes. Exposure may occur during production and use of thorium-containing materials, in the casting and machining of alloy parts; and from the fume produced during welding with thorium electrodes. Thorium nitrate is an oxidizer. Contact with combustibles, and reducing agents will cause violent combustion or ignition.

Environmental Fate

Thorium’s usage may result in release of thorium compounds to the environment through various waste streams. As noted above, thorium is also found naturally, particularly in monazite sand. Thorium compounds are expected to exist in the particulate phase if released to the atmosphere based on their low vapor pressures and may be removed from the air by wet and dry depositions. Th and ThO2 have low mobility in soils. In aquatic releases, adsorption is expected to be the primary means of removal from the system.

Versand/Shipping

UN2975 Thorium metal, pyrophoric, Hazard class: 7; Labels: 7-Radioactive material, 4.2-Spontaneously combustible material. Note: UN/NA 2975 doesn’t appear in the 49 CFR Hazmat Table.

Inkompatibilitäten

The powder may ignite spontaneously in air. Heating may cause violent combustion or explosion. May explosively decompose from shock, friction, or concussion. Incompatible with strong oxidizers (chlorates, nitrates, peroxides, permanganates, perchlorates, chlorine, bromine, fluorine, etc.); contact may cause violent fires or explosions. Keep away from alkaline materials, strong bases, strong acids, oxoacids, epoxides, nitryl fluoride; peroxyformic acid; silver, sulfur.

Waste disposal

Recovery and recycling is in the preferred route.

Thorium Upstream-Materialien And Downstream Produkte

Upstream-Materialien

Downstream Produkte


Thorium Anbieter Lieferant Produzent Hersteller Vertrieb Händler.

Global( 21)Lieferanten
Firmenname Telefon E-Mail Land Produktkatalog Edge Rate
Henan Tianfu Chemical Co.,Ltd.
+86-0371-55170693 +86-19937530512
info@tianfuchem.com China 21639 55
Hubei Jusheng Technology Co.,Ltd.
18871490254
linda@hubeijusheng.com CHINA 28172 58
Spectrum Chemical Manufacturing Corp. 021-021-021-67601398-809-809-809 15221380277
marketing_china@spectrumchemical.com China 9658 60
Chizhou Kailong Import and Export Trade Co., Ltd.
xg01_gj@163.com China 9484 50
TCI (Shanghai) Chemical Trading Co., Ltd. 021-021-61109150
sales@tcisct.com China 31121 58
010-58103629
185164601name@qq.com CHINA 19437 58

7440-29-1(Thorium)Verwandte Suche:


  • thorium metal,pyrophoric
  • 90Th
  • Chebi:33385
  • Torio
  • Thorium, pyrophoric
  • Thorium-232
  • THORIUM PLASMA EMISSION STANDARD
  • THORIUM
  • THORIUM ATOMIC ABSORPTION STANDARD
  • THORIUM SINGLE ELEMENT PLASMA STANDARD
  • THORIUM SINGLE ELEMENT STANDARD
  • THORIUM STANDARD
  • THORIUM PLASMA EMISSION SPECTROSCOPY STANDARD
  • ZSLUVFAKFWKJRC-UHFFFAOYSA-N
  • Th Standard Solution
  • 7440-29-1
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  • Analytical Chromatography Product Catalog
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