Bacitracin Chemische Eigenschaften,Einsatz,Produktion Methoden
R-Sätze Betriebsanweisung:
R20/21/22:Gesundheitsschädlich beim Einatmen,Verschlucken und Berührung mit der Haut.
S-Sätze Betriebsanweisung:
S22:Staub nicht einatmen.
S24/25:Berührung mit den Augen und der Haut vermeiden.
S45:Bei Unfall oder Unwohlsein sofort Arzt zuziehen (wenn möglich, dieses Etikett vorzeigen).
S36:DE: Bei der Arbeit geeignete Schutzkleidung tragen.
Beschreibung
Bacitracin is a mixture of similar peptides produced by fermentation of the bacterium Bacillus subtil is. The
A-type component predominates. Its mode of action is to inhibit both peptidoglycan biosynthesis at a late
stage (probably at the dephosphorylation of the phospholipid carrier step) and disruptions of plasma
membrane function.
Chemische Eigenschaften
Bacitracin is a white to light tan powder
which is odorless or having a slight odor and very bitter
taste.
Verwenden
Bacitracin is a peptide antibiotic effective against gram-postive bacteria. Bacitracin is an inhibitor of peptidoglycan synthesis. Bacitracin disrupts bacterial cell wall synthesis by inhibiting depho
sphorylation of lipid pyrophosphate. Bacitracin also strongly inhibits proline endopeptidase from human muscle.
Definition
A complex
of cyclic peptide antibiotic of known chemical
structure isolated from the Tracy-I strain of Bacillus
subtilis.
Indications
This polypeptide antibiotic, which is produced from Bacillus subtilis,
interferes with bacterial cell wall growth and is bactericidal against many grampositive
organisms such as streptococci, staphylococci, and pneumococci but is
inactive against most gram-negative organisms. All anaerobic cocci, Neisseria, and
the tetanus and diphtheria bacilli are also sensitive to bacitracin.
Resistance is rare,
but some staphylococcal strains are inherently resistant. Hypersensitivity reactions
are uncommon. Bacitracin is stable in petrolatum (but not water-miscible preparations)
and is available as an ointment or as a component of antibiotic mixtures.
Sensitization to bacitracin has been reported more recently, particularly in patients
with leg ulcers.
Hazard
Poison; moderately toxic; mutagen.
Pharmazeutische Anwendungen
A mixture of peptides produced by Bacillus licheniformis.
Bacitracin A is the major constituent of commercial preparations.
The more stable zinc salt is used in topical formulations.
It has been widely used as a growth promoter in animals, but
has been banned for that purpose in the European Union.
It is highly active against many Gram-positive bacteria
and is mainly used as a component of topical preparations.
Although strains of Staph. aureus are usually susceptible,
they are rather less so than most other Gram-positive bacteria.
Streptococcus pyogenes is so much more susceptible than
other hemolytic streptococci that bacitracin susceptibility is
used as a screening test for identification. Clostridium difficile
and Actinomyces spp. are susceptible, but enterobacteria and
Pseudomonas spp. are resistant. Entamoeba histolytica is inhibited
by 0.6–10 mg/L.
Resistance is uncommon, but has been detected in Staph.
aureus following topical treatment.
It is nephrotoxic and unsuitable for parenteral use. Systemic
toxicity from application to skin or ulcerated areas is rare, but
it may cause allergic reactions and occasional anaphylaxis has
been described. It is found in many ointments and ophthalmic
preparations, usually together with other components,
including polymyxins, neomycin and corticosteroids.
Bacitracin is not absorbed by mouth but oral preparations
have been used for suppression of gut flora, including
C. difficile.
Clinical Use
Bacitracin is predominantly active against Gram-positive microorganisms, and parenteral use is
limited to IM injection for infants with pneumonia and empyema caused by staphylococci resistant to other
agents. It is rather neuro- and nephrotoxic and, therefore, is used in this manner with caution. Bacitracin
also is widely employed topically to prevent infection in minor cuts, scrapes, and burns.
Sicherheitsprofil
A poison by
intraperitoneal and intravenous routes.
Moderately toxic by ingestion and
subcutaneous routes. Mutation data
reported.
mögliche Exposition
Bacitracin is used as an ingredient in
antibiotic ointments to treat or prevent topical or eye infections.
Commercial Bacitracin is a mixture of at least 9 bacitracins.
Also used as a feed and drinking water additive for
animals; as a food additive for human consumption.
Versand/Shipping
UN 3249 Medicine, solid, toxic, n.o.s., Hazard
Class: 6.1; Labels: 6.1—Poisonous materials.
läuterung methode
Bacitracin has been purified by carrier displacement using n-heptanol, n-octanol and n-nonanol as carriers and 50% EtOH in 0.1 N HCl. The pure material gives one spot with RF ~0.5 on paper chromatography using AcOH:n-BuOH:H2O (4:1:5). [Porath Acta Chem Scand 6 1237 1952.] It has also been purified by ion-exchange chromatography. It is a white powder soluble in H2O and EtOH but insoluble in Et2O, CHCl3 and Me2CO. It is stable in acidic solution but unstable in base. It is a strong antibacterial. [Abraham & Bewton Biochem J 47 257 1950, Synthesis: Munekata et al. Bull Chem Soc Jpn 46 3187, 3835 1973, Beilstein 27 III/IV 5746.]
Inkompatibilitäten
Incompatible with oxidizers (chlorates,
nitrates, peroxides, permanganates, perchlorates, chlorine,
bromine, fluorine, etc.); contact may cause fires or explosions.
Keep away from alkaline materials, strong bases,
strong acids, oxoacids, epoxides.
Waste disposal
It is inappropriate and possibly
dangerous to the environment to dispose of expired or waste
pharmaceuticals by flushing them down the toilet or discarding
them to the trash. Household quantities of expired or
waste pharmaceuticals may be mixed with wet cat litter or
coffee grounds, double-bagged in plastic, discard in trash.
Larger quantities shall carefully take into consideration
applicable DEA, EPA, and FDA regulations. If possible
return the pharmaceutical to the manufacturer for proper disposal
being careful to properly label and securely package
the material. Alternatively, the waste pharmaceutical shall
be labeled, securely packaged and transported by a state
licensed medical waste contractor to dispose by burial in a
licensed hazardous or toxic waste landfill or incinerator.
Bacitracin Upstream-Materialien And Downstream Produkte
Upstream-Materialien
Downstream Produkte
