ピペラシリン 化学特性,用途語,生産方法
用途
ピペラシリン(Piperacillin)は広域スペクトラムの β-ラクタム抗生物質 、中でもウレイドペニシリン?クラスのひとつ。ピペラシリンとその他のウレイドペニシリンの化学構造は、極性側鎖を持つ。これはグラム陰性菌に対して高い浸透性と、グラム陰性菌βラクタマーゼによる分解感受性を低下させる。 これらの性質は病院での重要な病原菌である緑膿菌に対する活性を持つ。 このような性質から、ピペラシリンはときに「抗緑膿菌ペニシリン」と呼ばれる。
ピペラシリンは単独で用いられる時には 黄色ブドウ球菌のなどのグラム陽性菌への強い活性を持たない。またβ-ラクタム構造は細菌の β-ラクタマーゼで加水分解される。
効能
抗生物質, 細胞壁合成阻害薬
化学的特性
White Crystalline Solid; odorless; slightly hygroscopic. It is easily soluble in methanol, soluble in absolute ethanol or acetone, and very slightly soluble in water. It is a semi-synthetic penicillin antibiotic with broad-spectrum antibacterial effect.
使用
Piperacillin is a semisynthetic penicillin with wide spectrum of antimicrobial activity, particularly pseudomonas strains. It is used to treat moderate-to-severe infections due to susceptible organisms.
定義
ChEBI: Piperacillin is a penicillin in which the substituent at position 6 of the penam ring is a 2-[(4-ethyl-2,3-dioxopiperazin-1-yl)carboxamido]-2-phenylacetamido group. It has a role as an antibacterial drug. It is a penicillin and a penicillin allergen. It is a conjugate acid of a piperacillin(1-).
抗菌性
It displays good activity against non-β-lactamaseproducing
strains of N. gonorrhoeae, ampicillin-susceptible
H. influenzae and many Enterobacteriaceae. It is the most
active of the antipseudomonal penicillins against Ps. aeruginosa
and retains its activity in the absence of a β-lactamase
inhibitor. Synergy with aminoglycosides has been demonstrated
against many strains of Enterobacteriaceae and Ps.
aeruginosa.
獲得抵抗性
There is complete cross-resistance with other ureidopenicillins,
but ticarcillin-resistant strains of Ps. aeruginosa may
be susceptible. Piperacillin-resistant strains of B. fragilis
and other Bacteroides spp. are common. Because piperacillin
is hydrolyzed by most β-lactamases, many β-lactamaseproducing
isolates are resistant unless it is protected by
β-lactamase inhibitors.
薬物動態学
Oral absorption: Negligible
C
max 2 g (2–3 min intravenous injection): 305 mg/L after 5 min
Plasma half-life: 0.9 h
Volume of distribution: 16–24 L/1.73 m2
Plasma protein binding: 16%
In patients with meningitis, mean CSF penetration of 30%
has been found. The urine is the principal route of excretion,
50–70% of the dose appearing over 12 h, most in the first
4 h. Most is excreted via the tubules, 75–90% in active form.
The half-life is prolonged in renal failure but much less than
is the case with carboxypenicillins. There is substantial biliary
excretion, levels in the common duct bile after a 1 g intravenous
dose commonly reaching 500 mg/L or more. During
hemodialysis the plasma half-life remains elevated and only
10–15% of the dose is removed.
臨床応用
Piperacillin (Pipracil) is the most generally useful of the extended-spectrum acylureidopenicillins. It is more active thanmezlocillin against susceptible strains of Gram-negativeaerobic bacilli, such as Serratia marcescens, Proteus,Enterobacter, Citrobacter spp., and P. aeruginosa.Mezlocillin, however, appears to be more active againstProvidencia spp. and K. pneumoniae. Piperacillin is alsoactive against anaerobic bacteria, especially B. fragilis andS. faecalis (enterococcus). β-Lactamase–producing strainsof these organisms are, however, resistant to piperacillin,which is hydrolyzed by S. aureus β-lactamase. The β-lactamase susceptibility of piperacillin is not absolute becauseβ-lactamase–producing, ampicillin-resistant strainsof N. gonorrhoeae and H. influenzae are susceptible topiperacillin.
Piperacillin is destroyed rapidly by stomach acid; therefore,it is active only by intramuscular or intravenousadministration. The injectable form is provided as the white,crystalline, water-soluble sodium salt. Its pharmacokineticproperties are very similar to those of the other acylureidopenicillins.
副作用
Piperacillin is generally well tolerated, with mild to moderate
pain on injection, thrombophlebitis and diarrhea in some
patients. It otherwise exhibits side effects common to the
group, including hypersensitivity, leukopenia and abnormalities
of platelet aggregation without coagulation defect, except
on prolonged treatment.
Mode of action
Piperacillin binds to penicillin binding proteins (PBP) located on the inner membrane of the bacterial cell wall, thereby interfering with the cross-linking of peptidoglycan chains necessary for bacterial cell wall strength and rigidity. As a result, cell wall synthesis is interrupted leading to a weakened cell wall and eventually cell lysis.
ピペラシリン 上流と下流の製品情報
原材料
準備製品