サリン 化学特性,用途語,生産方法
解説
1938年，ドイツで開発された有機リン系神経剤で，軍事利用された．タブン，ソマン，VXなどと同様の構造を有し，VXやソマンより毒性は低いが，揮発性がとくに高いため，強力な毒ガスとなるサリン．サリン,融点－57 ℃，沸点147 ℃，46 ℃(1.06 kPa)．n25D1.381．コリンエステラーゼ阻害活性を有し，吸入·皮膚·経口暴露により縮瞳·視覚障害·嘔気などを起こし，最終的に呼吸障害をもたらす．治療にはほかの有機リン剤中毒と同様に，硫酸アトロピン，PAM(2-ピリジンアルドキシムメチオジド)などを用いる．LD50 100～500 mg/kg(経皮)，5～10 mg/kg(経口)，50～100 mg/m3(1 min，吸入)．
製造
トリメチルホスファイトより合成され，アルカリにより容易に分解される．
説明
Sarin, also known as "nerve agent Gas B" or GB, is an organophosphorus compound,
a colourless and odourless liquid, and a potent inhibitor of the cholinesterase enzyme.
Sarin reacts with steam or water to produce toxic and corrosive gases. Sarin is incompatible
with tin, magnesium, cadmium-plated steel, and some aluminium and reacts
with copper, brass, and lead. Sarin is the most volatile of the nerve agents, which
means that it can easily and quickly evaporate from a liquid into a vapour and spread
into the environment. People can be exposed to the vapour even if they do not come
in contact with the liquid form of sarin.
化学的特性
Sarin (GB), a nerve agent, is one of the most
toxic of the known chemical warfare agents. Exposure to
sarin can cause death in minutes. A fraction of an ounce
(1 to 10 mL) of GB on the skin can be fatal. GB is an
odorless, colorless, tasteless, nonflammable liquid @ 15 ℃
and 1 atm. GB has no warning properties, especially when
pure, and it can take away your sense of smell.
使用
Chemical warfare agent.
一般的な説明
A colorless, odorless liquid. Almost no odor in pure state. Used as a quick-acting military chemical nerve agent. Chemical warfare agent.
空気と水の反応
Hydrolyzed by water, rapidly hydrolyzed by dilute aqueous sodium hydroxide. Water alone removes Fluoride atom producing nontoxic acid [Merck 11th ed. 1989].
反応プロフィール
Acidic conditions produce hydrogen fluoride; alkaline conditions produce isopropyl alcohol and polymers. When heated to decomposition or reacted with steam, Sarin. emits very toxic fumes of fluorides and oxides of phosphorus. Slightly corrosive to steel. Hydrolyzed by water [EPA, 1998].
健康ハザード
Extremely toxic; lethal dose in humans may be as low as 0.01 mg/kg. Extremely active cholinesterase inhibitor. Toxic effects similar to, but more severe than those of parathion. Death within 15 minutes after fatal dose is absorbed.
火災危険
Non-flammable. Acidic conditions produce hydrogen fluoride; alkaline conditions produce isopropyl alcohol and polymers. When heated to decomposition or reacted with steam, Sarin. emits very toxic fumes of fluorides and oxides of phosphorus. Slightly corrosive to steel. Hydrolyzed by water.
職業ばく露
GB is used as a quick-acting chemical
warfare nerve agent; nerve gas. Both the liquid and the
vapor can kill you. Very small amounts can hurt you in one
minute or less, and can quickly lead to death. A single
drop, if vaporized, can kill everyone in a room ! Sarin is
26 times more deadly than cyanide gas and 20 times more
deadly than Potassium cyanide.
輸送方法
UN2810 Toxic liquids, organic, n.o.s., Hazard
Class: 6.1; Labels: 6.1-Poison Inhalation Hazard, Technical
Name Required. Driver shall be given full and complete
information regarding shipment and conditions in case of
emergency. AR 50-6 deals specifically with the shipment
of chemical agents. Shipments of agent will be escorted in
accordance with AR 740-32. Passenger aircraft/rail:
FORBIDDEN; Cargo aircraft only: FORBIDDEN. The
packaging and shipping of samples are subject to strict
regulations established by the Department of
Transportation (DOT), Center for Disease Control, United
States Postal Service, OSHA, and International Air
Transport Association). Military driver shall be given full
and complete information regarding shipment and condi-
tions in case of emergency. AR 50-6 deals specifically with
the shipment of chemical agents. Shipments of agent will
be escorted in accordance with AR 740-32.
不和合性
Attacks tin, magnesium, cadmium plated
steel; and some aluminums. GB decomposes tin, magne-
sium, cadmium-plated steel, and aluminum. Slightly corro-
sive to brass, copper, and lead. No attack on 1020 steel,
Inconel, and K-Monel. Hydrolyzed by water. In acid condi-
tions, GB hydrolyzes, forming hydrofluoric acid (HF).
Rapidly hydrolyzed by dilute aqueous sodium hydroxide
(NaOH), or sodium carbonate, forming relatively nontoxic
products of polymers and isopropyl alcohol. Contact with
metals may evolve flammable hydrogen gas.
廃棄物の処理
It is dissolved in a combustible solvent and burned in a chemical incinerator equipped with an afterburner and scrubber. Sarin may also be destroyed by the Shultz process of molten metal reduction (Shultz 1987). Molten aluminum, aluminum alloys, recovered scrap metal, or eutectic melts may be used at 780－1000°C (1436-1832°F). Sarin is reduced to phosphorus, alkenes, and hydrogen. The hydrocarbon products may be used in preheating the feed.
Worley (1989) reported decomposition of sarin,soman,VX,andother chemicalwarfare agentsbyoxidizingwith1,3-dibromo-4,4,5,5tetramethyl-2-imidazolidinoneorotherN,N0dihalo-2-imidazolidinone. The reaction is carriedoutinanaqueousemulsioncontaining tetrachloroethylene or a similar organic solvent.
Sarin and other nerve agents may be removed from cleaning organic solvents (trichlorotrifluoroethane and its mixtures) by such adsorbents as Fuller’s earth, activated alumina, silica gel, and silica gel impregnated with a metal salt (Fowler and McIlvaine 1989). Hydrolysis with water or dilute alkaliesshould yieldproductsof low toxicity. .
サリン 上流と下流の製品情報
原材料
準備製品