| Identification | Back Directory | [Name]
ALRESTATIN | [CAS]
51411-04-2 | [Synonyms]
AY-22284
ALRESTATIN
AURORA 5841
AKOS BBS-00007376
IFLAB-BB F0863-0248
1,3-dioxo-1h-benz(de)isoquinoline-2(3h)-aceticaci
2-(1,3-dioxobenzo[de]isoquinolin-2-yl)acetic acid
1,3-Dioxo-1H-benzo[de]isoquinoline-2(3H)-acetic acid
1,3-DIOXO-1H-BENZ[D,E]ISOQUINOLINE-2(3H)-ACETIC ACID
1H-Benz[de]isoquinoline-2(3H)-acetic acid, 1,3-dioxo-
(1,3-Dioxo-1H,3H-benzo[de]isoquinolin-2-yl)-acetic acid
(1,3-DIOXO-1H-BENZO[DE]ISOQUINOLIN-2(3H)-YL)ACETIC ACID
2-(1,3-dioxo-1H-benzo[de]isoquinolin-2(3H)-yl)acetic acid
1,3-Dioxo-2,3-dihydro-1H-benzo[de]isoquinoline-2-acetic acid
2,3-Dihydro-1,3-dioxo-1H-benzo[de]isoquinoline-2-acetic acid | [Molecular Formula]
C14H9NO4 | [MDL Number]
MFCD00181399 | [MOL File]
51411-04-2.mol | [Molecular Weight]
255.23 |
| Chemical Properties | Back Directory | [Melting point ]
266-267 °C | [Boiling point ]
512.7±33.0 °C(Predicted) | [density ]
1.511±0.06 g/cm3(Predicted) | [storage temp. ]
Sealed in dry,2-8°C | [solubility ]
DMSO : 50 mg/mL (195.90 mM; Need ultrasonic)H2O : < 0.1 mg/mL (insoluble) | [form ]
White crystalline solid. | [pka]
3.61±0.10(Predicted) | [color ]
White to off-white |
| Hazard Information | Back Directory | [Originator]
Alrestatin,BIOMOL | [Uses]
Enzyme inhibitor (aldose reductase). | [Manufacturing Process]
1,3-Dioxo-1H-benz[de]isoquinoline-2(3H)-acetic acid:
1,8-Naphthalic acid anhydride (110 g, 0.556 mole), glycine (48 g, 0.64 mole)
and dimethylformamide (750 ml) are heated and stirred at reflux for 2 hr. The
homogeneous dark solution is cooled to about 100°C and 750 ml of hot water
is added slowly to the stirred solution. The reaction mixture is cooled and
allowed to stand in a refrigerator for 16 hr. The precipitate is collected and
recrystallized from ethanol, using decolorizing charcoal, to give the title
compound, MP: 271°-272°C.
In practice it is usually used as sodium salt. | [Therapeutic Function]
Aldose reductase inhibitor | [Biological Activity]
Specific inhibitor of aldose reductase (IC 50 = 148 μ M). Attenuates glucose-induced angiotensin II production in rat vascular smooth muscle in vitro . | [Enzyme inhibitor]
This aldose reductase inhibitor and drug (FWfree-acid = 255.23 g/mol; CAS 51411-04-2), also known as 1,3-dioxo-1H-benz[de]isoquinoline-2(3H)- acetic acid) suppresses diabetes-associated, osmotic cell and tissue damage by inhibiting aldose reduction and thereby reducing the accumulation intracellular sorbitol. Primary Mode of Action of Aldose Reductase Inhibitors: A major cause of diabetic neuropathy is the intraneural osmotic pressure that builds up as a consequence of the over-accumulation of sorbitol, a polyol formed by aldose reductase (Reaction: Glucose + NADPH ? Sorbitol + NADP+ + H+). Similar considerations apply to cataract formation in the lens, another tissue rich in aldose reductase. In diabetes, aldose reductase activity increases as the concentration of glucose rises in the lens, peripheral nerves and glomerulus (tissues that are insulininsensitive); because sorbitol lacks a membrane carrier, its contributes to intracellular osmotic pressure, disrupting cell-cell interactions (especially synapses), eventually leading to retinopathy and neuropathy. The additive effects of aldose reductase (AR) and polyol dehydrogenase in producing sorbitol from glucose and fructose, acting in combination with agedependent decreased hexokinase is believed to account for diabetic cataract formation in human lenses under high glucose stress. AR’s Km for glucose of AR is roughly 200 mM, whereas its Km for NADPH is 0.06 mM. NADP inhibits human lens AR noncompetitively and has a K1 that is roughly equal to the Km for NADPH. Notably. The Km for fructose is 40 mM and that for NADH is 0.02 mM in the polyol dehydrogenase (PD) reaction. Therefore, although sorbitol formation is modest during normoglycemia, such is not the case for diabetic hyperglycemia. Moreover, the recent increased reliance on high-fructose corn syrup as a sweetener is problematic, in that glucose-sensing mechanisms in humans are largely unresponsive to fructose. Because sorbitol is not transported out of the lens, any increase in intracellular sortbitol must be compensated osmotically by the considerable uptake of water, a well-characterized cataractogenic event. By inhibiting sorbitol dehydrogenase, alrestatin lowers tha undesirable net accumulatrion of sorbitol during hyperglycemic episodes. At high enough concentrations, alrestatin also inhibits PD. Target(s): aldose reductase, or aldehyde reductase; 4-aminobutyrate aminotransferase; carbonyl reductase; succinate-semialdehyde dehydrogenase; polyol dehydrogenase, weakly inhibited, except at elevated concentrations; hexonate dehydrogenase, or glucuronate reductase. |
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