ChemicalBook--->CAS DataBase List--->9002-68-0

9002-68-0

9002-68-0 Structure

9002-68-0 Structure
IdentificationBack Directory
[Name]

Follicle stimulating hormone
[CAS]

9002-68-0
[EINECS(EC#)]

232-662-3
[Molecular Formula]

NULL
[MDL Number]

MFCD00131099
Chemical PropertiesBack Directory
[Definition]

A gonadotropic glycoprotein secreted by the anterior pituitary gland. It regulates the metabolic activity of the granulosa of the mammalian ovary; stimulates maturation of ovarian follicles, and production of estrogens. Spermatogenesis is partially under
[Appearance]

Solid; soluble in water.
[storage temp. ]

2-8°C
[solubility ]

H2O: 50 mg/mL, soluble
[form ]

white powder
[Merck ]

13,4249
[EPA Substance Registry System]

Gonadotropin, menopausal(9002-68-0)
Questions And AnswerBack Directory
[Discovery]

This is a gonadotropic glycoprotein hormone secreted from the anterior pituitary. FSH stimulates follicular growth and estrogen production in the ovary and promotes spermatogenesis in the testis. In the 1960s, the purification and isolation of FSH were reported from the ovine, porcine, bovine, and human pituitaries. Human FSH was first fully purified in 1968. The aa sequence of the human FSH α-subunit and its identity with the luteinizing hormone (LH) α-subunit was demonstrated in 1974. The first aa sequence of the FSH β-subunit was also determined in 1974.
[Structure]

FSH is a glycoprotein consisting of noncovalently linked glycoprotein hormone (GPH) α- and FSH β-subunits. The GPH α-subunit is common to LH, thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH), and chorionic gonadotropin (CG). Both GPH α- and FSH β-subunits contain a cysteine-knot motif, which is critical for the heterodimer assembly and biological activity of FSH. The N- and O-linked oligosaccharide chains are important for the intracellular folding, secretion, metabolic clearance, and biological activity of FSH. Mr 25,000–41,000, pI 3.0–5.0. Multiple isoforms exist due to the microheterogeneity of oligosaccharide chains. Soluble in water, physiological saline solution, 50% alcohol, and 50% acetone; insoluble in alcohol, acetone, benzene, chloroform, and ether. Stable in 6 M urea; dissociated into two subunits in 1 M propionic acid.
[Gene, mRNA, and precursor]

The human GPH α-subunit gene, CGA, location 6q12- q21, consists of four exons. Human GPH α-subunit mRNA has 397 b that encode a signal peptide of 24 aa residues and a mature protein of 92 aa residues. The human FSH β-subunit gene, FSHB, location 11p13, consists of three exons. Human FSH β-subunit mRNA has 506 b that encode a signal peptide of 19 aa residues and a mature protein of 110 aa residues. The GPH α- and FSH β-subunit genes are expressed in the basophilic gonadotropes in the anterior pituitary. In tetrapods, FSH and LH are coexpressed in gonadotropes, whereas they are produced in different cells in teleosts. The GPH α-subunit gene is also expressed in thyrotropes in the adenohypophysis and the placental trophoblast.
Gene, mRNA, and precursor
[Synthesis and release]

The synthesis and release of FSH are regulated by gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH); gonadotropin-inhibitory hormone (GnIH); gonadal proteins such as activin, inihibin, and follistatin; and the feedback effects of gonadal steroids.6, 7 In tetrapods, GnRH acts directly on gonadotropes and differentially regulates FSH and LH secretion through changes in the pattern of GnRH pulsatile secretion. GnIH inhibits FSH secretion in birds and mammals, whereas GnIH can stimulate and inhibit FSH secretion in fish depending on the species and reproductive status. Activin stimulates FSH secretion through binding to the activin receptor at the cell membrane of the gonadotropes, which is antagonized by the binding of inhibin and follistatin. FSH secretion is also regulated by gonadal steroids such as estradiol and progesterone. Gonadal steroids exert their effects at the level of the hypothalamus by changing GnRH secretion; and directly at the level of the gonadotropes, where they exert different effects, depending on the species and reproductive condition of the animals.
[Receptors]

The receptor of FSH (FSHR) is a glycoprotein that belongs to a subclass of the rhodopsin/β-adrenergic subfamily of the membrane-bound GPCR superfamily. The human FSHR gene, FSHR, location 2p16.3, consists of 10 exons. The FSHR consists of 650–700 aa residues that contain a large N-terminal extracellular domain (~350 aa residues), seven transmembrane domains, and a C-terminal intracellular domain. The receptor mainly couples to the Gs protein, and FSH stimulates the production of cAMP in target cells.
[Agonists and Antagonists]

Purified and recombinant human FSH, thiazolidinone compounds, cyclic and acyclic α- and β-aminocarboxamide derivatives, and biaryl derivatives are agonists. Antibodies to FSHR, aminoalkylamide derivatives, tetrahydroquinoline derivatives, 7-{4-[bis-(2-carbamoyl-ethyl)- amino]-6-chloro-(1,3,5)-triazin-2-ylamino)-4-hydroxy-3-(4- methoxy-phenylazo)-naphthalene}-2-sulfonic acid, and suramin (a nonselective FSHR-antagonist) are antagonists.
[Clinical implications]

Hypergonadotropic ovarian dysgenesis is a disease characterized by a normal karyotype, highly elevated gonadotropins, and streaky gonads associated with primary amenorrhea. A mutation (Ala 189 Val) in the extracellular domain of FSHR is considered a probable cause of the disease. Functional studies revealed a lack of cAMP production by the mutated receptor upon FSH stimulation. FSH levels are useful in the investigation of menstrual irregularities, and in the diagnosis of pituitary disorders or diseases involving the ovaries or testes. Conditions with high FSH levels include premature menopause (i.e., premature ovarian failure), poor ovarian reserve, gonadal dysgenesis, Turner syndrome, Swyer syndrome, and Klinefelter syndrome. Conditions with low FSH levels include hypopituitarism, polycystic ovarian syndrome, Kallmann syndrome, Sheehan syndrome, and Chiari-Frommel syndrome.
Hazard InformationBack Directory
[Chemical Properties]

Solid; soluble in water.
[Uses]

A major gonadotropin secreted by the adenohypophysis (PITUITARY GLAND, ANTERIOR). Follicle-stimulating hormone stimulates GAMETOGENESIS and the supporting cells such as the ovarian GRANULOSA CELLS, the testicular SERTOLI CELLS, and LEYDIG CELLS. FSH consi
[Brand name]

Humegon (Organon); Pergonal (Serono).
Safety DataBack Directory
[Hazard Codes ]

B
[Safety Statements ]

22-24/25
[WGK Germany ]

3
[RTECS ]

LP6330000
[F ]

10-21
[Hazardous Substances Data]

9002-68-0(Hazardous Substances Data)
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