S100A4. also known as calvascularin, metastasin, or FSP1 (fibroblast-specific protein 1), is a calcium-binding protein belonging to the S100 family. It plays critical roles in regulating cellular processes such as matrix remodeling, cell motility, and epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT). S100A4 is closely associated with cancer progression, particularly metastasis, and is implicated in fibrotic diseases and inflammatory conditions. Its expression is often upregulated in aggressive tumors and stromal fibroblasts, making it a biomarker for poor prognosis in cancers like breast, colorectal, and pancreatic.
S100A4 antibodies are essential tools for detecting and quantifying S100A4 protein levels in research and diagnostics. These antibodies enable the study of S100A4's localization, interactions, and functional roles via techniques like immunohistochemistry (IHC), Western blotting, and immunofluorescence. Monoclonal antibodies (e.g., clone D9F9) offer high specificity, while polyclonal antibodies may detect multiple epitopes, enhancing sensitivity. Validated antibodies are critical for ensuring reproducibility in studies exploring S100A4's involvement in tumor microenvironment modulation, fibroblast activation, or inflammatory signaling.
Recent research highlights S100A4's potential as a therapeutic target. Antibodies blocking S100A4 activity or neutralizing its extracellular functions are under investigation for anti-metastatic or anti-fibrotic therapies. However, challenges remain in understanding its dual intracellular/extracellular roles and cell-type-specific effects. Reliable S100A4 antibodies thus remain vital for advancing both basic research and clinical applications.