NIR-II Emissive Ru(II) Metallacycle Assisting Fluorescence Imaging and Cancer Therapy

Abstract

Despite the success of emissive Ruthenium (Ru) agents in biomedicine, problems such as the visible-light excitation/emission and single chemo- or phototherapy modality still hamper their applications in deep-tissue imaging and efficient cancer therapy. Herein, an second nearinfrared window (NIR-II) emissive Ru(II) metallacycle (Ru1000, λ_em = 1000 nm) via coordination-driven self-assembly is reported, which holds remarkable deep-tissue imaging capability (≈6 mm) and satisfactory chemo-phototherapeutic performance. In vitro results indicate Ru1000 displays promising cellular uptake, good cancer-cell selectivity, attractive anti-metastasis properties, and remarkable anticancer activity against various cancer cells, including cisplatin-resistant A549 cells (IC₅₀ = 3.4 × 10⁻⁶ m vs 92.8 × 10⁻⁶ m for cisplatin). The antitumor mechanism could be attributed to Ru1000-induced lysosomal membrane damage and mitochondrial-mediated apoptotic cell death. Furthermore, Ru1000 also allows the high-performance in vivo NIR-II fluorescence imaging-guided chemo-phototherapy against A549 tumors. This work may provide a paradigm for the development of long-wavelength emissive metallacycle-based agents for future biomedicine.