| Identification | More | [Name]
1,4-Dioxane | [CAS]
123-91-1 | [Synonyms]
1,4-DIETHYLENE DIOXIDE
1,4-DIOXAN
1,4-DIOXANE
DIETHYLENE DIOXIDE
DIETHYLENE ETHER
DIETHYLENE OXIDE
DIOX
P-DIOXANE
1,4-Dioxacyclohexane
1,4-Dioxin, tetrahydro-
1,4-dioxin,tetrahydro
Diethyeneoxide
Diethylendioxid
Diethylene oxide ethe
Diokan
Dioksan
Diossano-1,4
Dioxaan-1,4
Dioxan
Dioxan-1,4 | [EINECS(EC#)]
204-661-8 | [Molecular Formula]
C4H8O2 | [MDL Number]
MFCD00006571 | [Molecular Weight]
88.11 | [MOL File]
123-91-1.mol |
| Chemical Properties | Back Directory | [Description]
1,4-dioxane is a clear liquid with ether-like odour. It is highly flammable
and forms explosive peroxides in storage (rate of formation increased by heating, evaporation,
or exposure to light). 1,4-Dioxane is incompatible with oxidising agents, oxygen, halogens,
reducing agents, and moisture. Industrial applications of 1,4-dioxane are extensive,
for instance, as solvent for cellulose acetate, ethyl cellulose, benzyl cellulose, resins, oils,
waxes, and some dyes; as a solvent for paper, cotton, and textile processing; and for various
organic and inorganic compounds and products. It is also used in automotive coolant
liquid and in shampoos and other cosmetics as a degreasing agent and as a component of
paint and varnish. Human exposures to 1,4-dioxane have been traced to multiple occupations
and breathing of contaminated workplace air and drinking polluted water. Industrial
uses of 1,4-dioxane are very many. For instance, it is used as solvent for celluloses, resins,
lacquers, synthetic rubbers, adhesives, sealants, fats, oils, dyes, and protective coatings;
as a stabiliser for chlorinated solvents and printing inks; and as a wetting and dispersing
agent in textile processing agrochemicals and pharmaceuticals, in different processing of
solvent-extraction processes, and in the preparation and manufacture of detergents. | [Appearance]
colourless liquid | [Melting point ]
12 °C | [Boiling point ]
101 °C | [density ]
1.034 g/mL at 25 °C(lit.) | [vapor density ]
3 (vs air)
| [vapor pressure ]
27 mm Hg ( 20 °C)
| [refractive index ]
n20/D 1.422(lit.)
| [Fp ]
54 °F
| [storage temp. ]
Flammables area | [solubility ]
Soluble in acetone, alcohol, benzene, and ether (Weast, 1986). Miscible with most organic
solvents (Huntress and Mulliken, 1941) including 2-methylpropanol, toluene, cychexanone, and
cyclopentanone. | [form ]
Solution | [color ]
APHA: ≤20 | [Odor]
Mild ether-like odor detectable at 0.8 to 172 ppm (mean = 12 ppm) | [PH]
6-8 (500g/l, H2O, 20℃) | [Stability:]
Stable. Incompatible with oxidizing agents, oxygen, halogens, reducing agents, moisture. Highly flammable-note wide explosive range. May form explosive peroxides in storage (rate of formation increased by heating, evaporation or exposure to light). | [explosive limit]
1.7-25.2%(V) | [Water Solubility ]
SOLUBLE | [Sensitive ]
Hygroscopic | [λmax]
λ: 220 nm Amax: ≤0.70
λ: 235 nm Amax: ≤0.50
λ: 250 nm Amax: ≤0.20
λ: 270 nm Amax: ≤0.10
λ: 295-400 nm Amax: ≤0.01 | [Merck ]
14,3300 | [BRN ]
102551 | [Henry's Law Constant]
4.89(x 10-6 atm?m3/mol) (static headspace-GC, Welke et al., 1998) | [Dielectric constant]
2.2（25℃） | [Exposure limits]
TLV-TWA 25 ppm (≈90 mg/m3) (ACGIH),
100 ppm (MSHA and OSHA); carcinogenicity:
Animal Sufficient Evidence (IARC). | [InChIKey]
RYHBNJHYFVUHQT-UHFFFAOYSA-N | [LogP]
-0.42 at 20℃ | [CAS DataBase Reference]
123-91-1(CAS DataBase Reference) | [IARC]
2B (Vol. 11, Sup 7, 71) 1999 | [NIST Chemistry Reference]
1,4-Dioxane(123-91-1) | [Storage Precautions]
Store under nitrogen;Moisture sensitive | [EPA Substance Registry System]
123-91-1(EPA Substance) |
| Hazard Information | Back Directory | [Chemical Properties]
1,4-dioxane is a clear liquid with an ether-like odor. It is highly flammable
and forms explosive peroxides in storage (rate of formation is increased by heating,
evaporation, or exposure to light). 1,4-Dioxane is incompatible with oxidizing agents,
oxygen, halogens, reducing agents, and moisture. 1,4-Dioxane is used as a solvent for
cellulose acetate, ethyl cellulose, benzyl cellulose, resins, oils, waxes, some dyes, as a
solvent for paper, cotton, and textile processing, and for various organic and inorganic
compounds and products. It is also used in automotive coolant liquid, in shampoos
and other cosmetics as a degreasing agent, and as a component of paint and varnish.
Human exposures to 1,4-dioxane have been traced to multiple occupations, breathing
of contaminated workplace air, and drinking polluted water. There are many industrial
uses of 1,4-dioxane, i.e., as a solvent for celluloses, resins, lacquers, synthetic rubbers,
adhesives, sealants, fats, oils, dyes, and protective coatings; as a stabilizer for chlorinated
solvents, printing inks; as a wetting and dispersing agent in textile processing,
agrochemicals, and pharmaceuticals, and in the preparation and manufacture of
detergents. | [General Description]
A clear colorless liquid with a faint ethereal odor. Flash point 55°F. Slightly denser than water and soluble in water. Vapors heavier than air. Susceptible to autooxidation to form peroxides. | [Reactivity Profile]
DIOXANE is a flammable liquid; when exposed to air DIOXANE undergoes autooxidation with formation of peroxides. In the distillation process peroxides will concentrate causing violent explosion. The addition complex with sulfur trioxide (1:1) sometimes decomposes violently on storing at room temperature [Sisler, H. H. et al., Inorg. Synth., 1947, 2, p. 174]. Evaporation of boron trifluoride in aqueous dioxane with nitric acid led to an explosion upon addition of perchloric acid [MCA Guide, 1972, p. 312]. Explosive reaction with Raney nickel catalyst above 210° C {Mozingo R., Org. Synth., 1955, Coll. Vol. 3, p. 182]. | [Air & Water Reactions]
Highly flammable. When exposed to air DIOXANE(123-91-1) undergoes autooxidation with formation of peroxides. In the distillation process peroxides will concentrate causing violent explosion. Water soluble. | [Health Hazard]
Laboratory studies in experimental animals indicate that repeated exposures to large
amounts of 1,4-dioxane in drinking water, in air, or on the skin cause convulsions, collapse,
and damage to the liver and kidneys in animals. On inhalation of 1,4-dioxane, occupational
workers suffered from severe poisoning. The symptoms of poisoning included
coughing, irritation of eyes, drowsiness, vertigo, headache, anorexia, stomach pains, nausea,
vomiting, irritation of the upper respiratory passages, coma, and death. 1,4-Dioxane
also caused hepatic and renal lesions, and demyelination and edema of the brain among
workers. (See the literature for more information.) | [Health Hazard]
No significant irritation from brief exposure of skin; prolonged or repeated exposure may cause a rash or burn and absorption of toxic amounts leading to serious injury of liver and kidney. Chemical has poor warning properties; illness may be delayed. Moderately irritating to eyes; overexposure may cause corneal injury. | [Physical properties]
Clear, colorless, very flammable, volatile liquid with a faint pleasant, ether-like odor.
Experimentally determined detection and recognition odor threshold concentrations were 2.9
mg/m3 (800 ppbv) and 6.5 mg/m3 (1.8 ppmv), respectively (Hellman and Small, 1974). | [Definition]
ChEBI: A dioxane with oxygen atoms at positions 1 and 4. | [Definition]
dioxan: A colourless toxic liquid,C4H8O2; r.d. 1.03; m.p. 11°C; b.p.101.5°C. The molecule has a sixmemberedring containing fourCH2groups and two oxygen atoms at oppositecorners. It can be made fromethane-1,2-diol and is used as a solvent. | [Flammability and Explosibility]
Dioxane is a highly flammable liquid (NFPA rating = 3). Its vapor is heavier than air and may travel a considerable distance to a source of ignition and flash back. Dioxane vapor forms explosive mixtures with air at concentrations of 2 to 22% (by volume). Fires involving dioxane should be extinguished with carbon dioxide or dry powder extinguishers.
Dioxane can form shock- and heat-sensitive peroxides that may explode on concentration by distillation or evaporation. Samples of this substance should always be tested for the presence of peroxides before distilling or allowing to evaporate. Dioxane should never be distilled to dryness. | [Potential Exposure]
Tumorigen,Mutagen; Reproductive Effector; Human Data; PrimaryIrritant. Dioxane is used as a stabilizer in chlorinated solvents, and as a solvent for cellulose acetate; other primaryuses include as a solvent for dyes, fats, greases, lacquers,mineral oil; paints, polyvinyl polymers; resins, varnishes,and waxes. It finds particular usage in paint and varnishstrippers; as a wetting agent and dispersing agent in textileprocessing; dye baths; stain and printing compositions; andin the preparation of histological slides. | [First aid]
If this chemical gets into the eyes, remove anycontact lenses at once and irrigate immediately for at least15 min, occasionally lifting upper and lower lids. Seek medical attention immediately. If this chemical contacts theskin, remove contaminated clothing and wash immediatelywith soap and water. Seek medical attention immediately. Ifthis chemical has been inhaled, remove from exposure,begin rescue breathing (using universal precautions, including resuscitation mask) if breathing has stopped and CPR ifheart action has stopped. Transfer promptly to a medicalfacility. When this chemical has been swallowed, get medical attention. Give large quantities of water and inducevomiting. Do not make an unconscious person vomit. | [Carcinogenicity]
1,4-Dioxane is reasonably anticipated to be a human carcinogen basedon sufficient evidence of carcinogenicity from studies in experimental animals. | [Source]
Improper disposal of products listed below may result in 1,4-dioxane leaching into
groundwater. | [Environmental Fate]
Biological. Heukelekian and Rand (1955) reported a 10-d BOD value of 0.00 g/g which is 0.0%
of the ThOD value of 1.89 g/g.
Photolytic. Irradiation of pure 1,4-dioxane through quartz using a 450-W medium-pressure
mercury lamp gave meso and racemic forms of 1-hydroxyethyldioxane, a pair of diastereomeric
dioxane dimers (Mazzocchi and Bowen, 1975), dioxanone, dioxanol, hydroxymethyldioxane, and
hydroxyethylidenedioxane (Houser and Sibbio, 1977). When 1,4-dioxane is subjected to a
megawatt ruby laser, 4% was decomposed yielding ethylene, carbon monoxide, hydrogen, and a
trace of formaldehyde (Watson and Parrish, 1971).
Chemical/Physical. Anticipated products from the reaction of 1,4-dioxane with ozone or OH
radicals in the atmosphere are glyoxylic acid, oxygenated formates, and OHCOCH2CH2OCHO
(Cupitt, 1980). Storage of 1,4-dioxane in the presence of air resulted in the formation of 1,2-
ethanediol monoformate and 1,2-ethane diformate (Jewett and Lawless, 1980). Stefan and Bolton (1998) studied the degradation of 1,4-dioxane in dilute aqueous solution by OH radicals.
Degradation follows pseudo-first-order kinetics at a rate of 8.7 x 10-3/sec. Within 5 min of direct
photolysis of hydrogen peroxide to generate OH radicals, almost 90% of the 1,4-dioxane reacted.
Four primary intermediate formed were 1,2-ethanediol monoformate, 1,2-ethanediol diformate,
formic acid, and methoxyacetic acid. These compounds were attacked by OH radicals yielding
glycolic, glyoxylic, and acetic acids which led to oxalic acid as the last intermediate. Malonic acid
was also identified as a minor intermediate. Twelve minutes into the reaction, the pH decreased
rapidly to 3.25 from 5.0, then less rapidly to 3.25 after 23 min. After 1 h, the pH rose to 4.2 min.
The decrease of pH during the initial stages of reaction is consistent with the formation of organic
acids. Oxidation of organic acid by OH radicals led to an increase of pH. The investigators
reported that the lower pH at the end of the experiment was due to carbonic acid formed during the
mineralization process. | [storage]
dioxane should be used only in areas free of ignition sources, and quantities greater than 1 liter should be stored in tightly sealed metal containers in areas separate from oxidizers. Containers of dioxane should be dated when opened and tested periodically for the presence of peroxides. | [Shipping]
This compound requires a shipping label of“FLAMMABLE LIQUID.” It falls in Hazard Class 3 andPacking Group II. | [Purification Methods]
It is prepared commercially either by dehydration of ethylene glycol with H2SO4 and heating ethylene oxide or bis(.-chloroethyl)ether with NaOH. The usual impurities are acetaldehyde, ethylene acetal, acetic acid, water and peroxides. Peroxides can be removed (and the aldehyde content decreased) by percolation through a column of activated alumina (80g per 100-200mL solvent), by refluxing with NaBH4 or anhydrous stannous chloride and distilling, or by acidification with conc HCl, shaking with ferrous sulfate and leaving in contact with it for 24hours before filtering and purifying further. Hess and Frahm [Chem Ber 71 2627 1938] refluxed 2L of dioxane with 27mL conc HCl and 200mL water for 12hours with slow passage of nitrogen to remove acetaldehyde. After cooling the solution, KOH pellets were added slowly and with shaking until no more would dissolve and a second layer had separated. The dioxane was decanted, treated with fresh KOH pellets to remove any aqueous phase, then transferred to a clean flask where it was refluxed for 6-12hours with sodium, then distilled from it. Alternatively, Kraus and Vingee [J Am Chem Soc 56 511 1934] heated it on a steam bath with solid KOH until fresh addition of KOH gave no more resin (due to acetaldehyde). After filtering through paper, the dioxane was refluxed over sodium until the surface of the metal was not further discoloured during several hours. It was then distilled from sodium. The acetal (b 82.5o) is removed during fractional distillation. Traces of *benzene, if present, can be removed as the *benzene/MeOH azeotrope by distillation in the presence of MeOH. Distillation from LiAlH4 removes aldehydes, peroxides and water. Dioxane can be dried using Linde type 4X molecular sieves. Other purification procedures include distillation from excess C2H5MgBr, refluxing with PbO2 to remove peroxides, fractional crystallisation by partial freezing and the addition of KI to dioxane acidified with aqueous HCl. Dioxane should be stored out of contact with air, preferably under N2. A detailed purification procedure is as follows: Dioxane is stood over ferrous sulfate for at least 2 days, under nitrogen. Then water (100mL) and conc HCl (14mL)/ litre of dioxane are added (giving a pale yellow colour). After refluxing for 8-12hours with vigorous N2 bubbling, pellets of KOH are added to the warm solution to form two layers and to discharge the colour. The solution is cooled rapidly with more KOH pellets being added (magnetic stirring) until no more dissolved in the cooled solution. After 4-12hours, if the lower phase is not black, the upper phase is decanted rapidly into a clean flask containing sodium, and refluxed over sodium (until freshly added sodium remained bright) for 1hour. The middle fraction is collected (and checked for minimum absorbency below 250nm). The distillate is fractionally frozen three times by cooling in a refrigerator, with occasional shaking or stirring. This material is stored in a refrigerator. Before use it is thawed, refluxed over sodium for 48hours, and distilled into a container. All joints are clad with Teflon tape. Coetzee and Chang [Pure Appl Chem 57 633 1985] dried the solvent by passing it slowly through a column (20g/L) of 3A molecular sieves activated by heating at 250o for 24hours. Impurities (including peroxides) are removed by passing the effluent slowly through a column packed with type NaX zeolite (pellets ground to 0.1mm size) activated by heating at 400o for 24hours or chromatographic grade basic Al2O3 activated by heating at 250o for 24hours. After removal of peroxides the effluent is refluxed for several hours over sodium wire, excluding moisture, distilled under nitrogen or argon and stored in the dark. One of the best tests of purity of dioxane is the formation of the purple disodium benzophenone complex during reflux and its persistence on cooling. (Benzophenone is better than fluorenone for this purpose and for the storing of the solvent.) [Carter et al. Trans Faraday Soc 56 343 1960, Beilstein 19 V 16.] TOXIC. Rapid purification: Check for peroxides (see Chapter 1 and Chapter 2 for test under ethers). Pre-dry with CaCl2 or better over Na wire. Then reflux the pre-dried solvent over Na (1% w/v) and benzophenone (0.2% w/v) under an inert atmosphere until the blue colour of the benzophenone ketyl radical anion persists. Distil, and store it over 4A molecular sieves in the dark. | [Toxicity evaluation]
Eye and respiratory irritation occurs from direct contact of
1,4-dioxane with mucous membranes. Pharmacokinetic and
toxicological data indicate that liver and kidney toxicity
induced by 1,4-dioxane occurs only after doses large enough to
saturate processes for detoxification and elimination.
1,4-Dioxane is one of many carcinogens that have not been
demonstrated to react significantly with DNA. Its cancer mode
of action is not sufficiently well understood to permit assignment
to a specific class of epigenetic agents. However, the data
suggest a tumor promotion mechanism associated with tissue
injury and subsequent regeneration. | [Incompatibilities]
Dioxane can form potentially explosive peroxides upon long exposure to air. Dioxane may react violently with Raney nickel catalyst, nitric and perchloric acids, sulfur trioxide, and strong oxidizing reagents. | [Waste Disposal]
Excess dioxane and waste material containing this substance should be placed in an appropriate container, clearly labeled, and handled according to your institution's waste disposal guidelines. |
| Safety Data | Back Directory | [Hazard Codes ]
Xn,F,T | [Risk Statements ]
R45:May cause cancer.
R11:Highly Flammable.
R36/38:Irritating to eyes and skin .
R48/23/24/25:Toxic: danger of serious damage to health by prolonged exposure through inhalation, in contact with skin and if swallowed .
R65:Harmful: May cause lung damage if swallowed.
R66:Repeated exposure may cause skin dryness or cracking.
R40:Limited evidence of a carcinogenic effect.
R36/37:Irritating to eyes and respiratory system .
R19:May form explosive peroxides.
R41:Risk of serious damage to eyes.
R37/38:Irritating to respiratory system and skin .
R39/23/24/25:Toxic: danger of very serious irreversible effects through inhalation, in contact with skin and if swallowed .
R23/24/25:Toxic by inhalation, in contact with skin and if swallowed .
R48/20/22:Harmful: danger of serious damage to health by prolonged exposure through inhalation and if swallowed .
R38:Irritating to the skin.
R22:Harmful if swallowed.
R36/37/38:Irritating to eyes, respiratory system and skin . | [Safety Statements ]
S9:Keep container in a well-ventilated place .
S16:Keep away from sources of ignition-No smoking .
S36/37:Wear suitable protective clothing and gloves .
S46:If swallowed, seek medical advice immediately and show this container or label .
S45:In case of accident or if you feel unwell, seek medical advice immediately (show label where possible) .
S53:Avoid exposure-obtain special instruction before use .
S7:Keep container tightly closed .
S62:If swallowed, do not induce vomiting: seek medical advice immediately and show this container or label .
S26:In case of contact with eyes, rinse immediately with plenty of water and seek medical advice .
S24/25:Avoid contact with skin and eyes .
S23:Do not breathe gas/fumes/vapor/spray (appropriate wording to be specified by the manufacturer) . | [RIDADR ]
UN 1993 3/PG 2
| [WGK Germany ]
3
| [RTECS ]
JG8225000
| [F ]
8 | [Autoignition Temperature]
180 °C | [TSCA ]
Yes | [HazardClass ]
3 | [PackingGroup ]
II | [HS Code ]
29329900 | [Precautions]
Workers Should be careful during handling of 1,4-Dioxane and avoid open flames, sparks
and smoking. Workers should wear proper protectives since 1,4-Dioxane in known as hazardous,
cause damage to eyes, respiratory tract, liver and kidney. | [Safety Profile]
Confirmed carcinogen
with experimental carcinogenic,
neoplastigenic, tumorigenic, and teratogenicdata. Poison by intraperitoneal route.
Moderately toxic by ingestion and
inhalation. Mildly toxic by skin contact.
Human systemic effects by inhalation:
lachrymation, conjunctiva irritation,
convulsions, hgh blood pressure,
unspecified respiratory and gastrointestinal
system effects. Mutation data reported. An
eye and slun irritant. The irritant effects
probably provide sufficient warning, in acute
exposures, to enable a worker to leave
exposure before being seriously affected.
Repeated exposure to low concentrations
has resulted in human fatahties, the organs
chefly affected being the liver and kidneys.
A very dangerous fire and explosion
hazard when exposed to heat or flame; can
react vigorously with oxidizing materials.
Violent reaction with (H2 + Raney Ni),
AgClO4. Can form dangerous peroxides
when exposed to air. Potentially explosive
reaction with nitric acid + perchloric acid,
Raney nickel catalyst (above 210°C). Forms
explosive mixtures with decaborane (impactsensitive), triethynylaluminum (sensitive to
heating or drying). Violent reaction with
sulfur trioxide. Incompatible with sulfur
trioxide. To fight fire, use alcohol foam,
CO2, dry chemical. When heated to
decomposition it emits acrid smoke and
irritating fumes. See also GLYCOL
ETHERS. | [Hazardous Substances Data]
123-91-1(Hazardous Substances Data) | [Toxicity]
LD50 in mice, rats (ml/kg): 5.7, 5.2 orally (Laug) | [IDLA]
500 ppm |
| Questions And Answer | Back Directory | [description]
1,4-Dioxane is a hexahydroxy heterocyclic compound containing two oxygen heteroatoms. molecular formula C4H8O2，a colorless, flammable liquid, slight ether smell, photosensitive. Its Vapor can easily form explosive peroxides by absorbing oxygen in the air. Explosion limit 1.97%-1.97% (volume), It should be disposed by reducing agent in distillation process. Melting point 11.8 ℃, boiling point of 101 ℃ (750 mmHg), density 1.0337 (20/4 ℃), refractive index 1.4224, flash point12℃. Soluble in water, ethanol, ether and other organic solvents. It can form azeotrope with water (water content 18.6%) and the boiling point is 87.8 ℃. It turns bright yellow when reacting with tetranitromethane. Trace amount of 2,6-Di-tert-butyl-4-methylphenol(BHT) is often added to the commodity as a stabilizer. Low toxicity, half lethal dose (rats, oral) 4200 mg/kg. A possible carcinogen, an irritating chemical. 1,4-Dioxane can be prepared by dehydration of ethylene glycol by sulfuric acid and it is the indirect product in the production of epoxy ethane. As a good organic solvent, it has a wide application such as the solvent for cellulose acetate and lots of resins. It Is mainly used in the pharmaceutical industry as extraction agent, as a stabilizer in the production of 1,1,1 – trichloroethane as a volatile solvent in the production of polyurethane in place of dimethylformamide and tetrahydrofuran, as stripping agent in the crafts of coating and painting, as a solvent and dispersant in the dye industry, as a stabilizer in printing ink, and also as treatment agent for metal surface. In addition , it can also be used in cosmetics, spices manufacture, electroplating, etc. | [uses]
Industrial applications of 1,4-dioxane are extensive, for instance, as solvent for cellulose acetate, ethyl cellulose, benzyl cellulose, resins, oils, waxes, and some dyes; as a solvent for paper, cotton, and textile processing; and for various organic and inorganic compounds and products. It is also used in automotive coolant liquid and in shampoos and other cosmetics as a degreasing agent and as a component of paint and varnish. Human exposures to 1,4-dioxane have been traced to multiple occupations and breathing of contaminated workplace air and drinking polluted water. Industrial uses of 1,4-dioxane are very many. For instance, it is used as solvent for celluloses, resins, lacquers, synthetic rubbers, adhesives, sealants, fats, oils, dyes, and protective coatings; as a stabiliser for chlorinated solvents and printing inks; and as a wetting and dispersing agent in textile processing agrochemicals and pharmaceuticals, in different processing of solvent-extraction processes, and in the preparation and manufacture of detergents.
| [Production]
1,4-Dioxane can be prepared by dehydration of ethylene glycol orpolyglycol ether by the catalysis of sulfuric acid and can also be prepared by direct dimerization of Ethylene oxide. The dimerization process was carried out in the presence of acid catalysts such as sulfuric acid, Sodium bisulfate, boron trifluoride, etc. Powdered sodium hydroxide can be added to 1,4-Dioxane of industrial grade to remove the acid and water, by filtering the solid and distillation to get prurified product. | [Mechanism of action]
An inhalation study in four male volunteers exposed to 50 ppm of dioxane determined that the majority (99.3%) of dioxane is eliminated by metabolism to β-hydroxyethoxyacetic acid (HEAA) with the remaining 0.7% being excreted through the urine (Young et al., 1977). Further studies suggest that the metabolism of dioxane is mediated by cytochrome P450 (Woo et al., 1978). The concentrations of HEAA were found to be 118% higher than the concentration of dioxane, suggesting rapid and extensive metabolism with a calculated metabolic clearance rate of 75 m/min. This same study concluded that repeated daily exposures to 50 ppm of dioxane would not cause adverse effects because accumulated concentrations would never exceed those attained at 50 ppm or less. β-Hydroxyethoxyacetic acid also accounted for >99% of the total urinary excretion of inhaled dioxane in rats (Young et al., 1978). Conversely, when dioxane is intravenously injected in rats, the metabolic clearance decreased indicating metabolic saturation at high doses (1000 mg/kg). Saturation was found to occur at doses >10 mg/kg/bw resulting in accumulation of 1,4-dioxane (HSDB, 1995). |
| Well-known Reagent Company Product Information | Back Directory | [Acros Organics]
1,4-Dioxane, AcroSeal?, Extra Dry, 99.8%(123-91-1) | [Alfa Aesar]
1,4-Dioxane, HPLC Grade, 99% min, packaged under Argon in resealable ChemSeal™ bottles(123-91-1) | [Sigma Aldrich]
123-91-1(sigmaaldrich) | [TCI AMERICA]
1,4-Dioxane (stabilized with BHT),>99.0%(GC)(123-91-1) |
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