2,4,6-Trinitrotoluene Chemische Eigenschaften,Einsatz,Produktion Methoden
ERSCHEINUNGSBILD
FARBLOSE BIS GELBE KRISTALLE.
CHEMISCHE GEFAHREN
Bei Stoß, Reibung oder Erschütterung explosionsartige Zersetzung möglich. Explodiert beim Erhitzen auf 240°C. Beim Erhitzen bilden sich giftige Rauche. Reagiert sehr heftig mit vielen Chemikalien (Fachmann befragen). Feuer- und Explosionsgefahr.
ARBEITSPLATZGRENZWERTE
TLV: 0,1 mg/m?(als TWA); Hautresorption; BEI vorhanden; (ACGIH 2005).
MAK: Hautresorption; Sensibilisierung der Haut (Sh); Krebserzeugend Kategorie 2; Keimzellmutagen Kategorie 3B (DFG 2008).
AUFNAHMEWEGE
Aufnahme in den Körper durch Inhalation des Aerosols, über die Haut und durch Verschlucken.
INHALATIONSGEFAHREN
Verdampfung bei 20°C vernachlässigbar; eine gesundheitsschädliche Partikelkonzentration in der Luft kann jedoch schnell erreicht werden.
WIRKUNGEN BEI KURZZEITEXPOSITION
WIRKUNGEN BEI KURZZEITEXPOSITION: Die Substanz reizt die Augen, die Haut und die Atemwege. Möglich sind Auswirkungen auf das Blut mit nachfolgender Hämolyse und Methämoglobinbildung. Exposition kann zum Tod führen. Die Auswirkungen treten u.U. (s. Anm.)verzögert ein. ärztliche Beobachtung notwendig.
WIRKUNGEN NACH WIEDERHOLTER ODER LANGZEITEXPOSITION
Wiederholter oder andauernder Hautkontakt kann Dermatitis hervorrufen. Möglich sind Auswirkungen auf Leber Blutund Augen mit nachfolgender Gelbsucht, Blutarmut, grauem Star.
LECKAGE
Gefahrenbereich verlassen! Fachmann zu Rate ziehen! Verschüttetes Material vor dem Aufnehmen anfeuchten, kein trockenes Material kehren. NICHT in die Kanalisation spülen. Reste sorgfältig sammeln. An sicheren Ort bringen. NICHT in die Umwelt gelangen lassen. Chemikalienschutzanzug mit umgebungsluftunabhängigem Atemschutzgerät.
R-Sätze Betriebsanweisung:
R2:Durch Schlag, Reibung, Feuer oder andere Zündquellen explosionsgefährlich.
R23/24/25:Giftig beim Einatmen, Verschlucken und Berührung mit der Haut.
R33:Gefahr kumulativer Wirkungen.
R51/53:Giftig für Wasserorganismen, kann in Gewässern längerfristig schädliche Wirkungen haben.
R36:Reizt die Augen.
R20/21/22:Gesundheitsschädlich beim Einatmen,Verschlucken und Berührung mit der Haut.
R11:Leichtentzündlich.
R1:In trockenem Zustand explosionsgefährlich.
S-Sätze Betriebsanweisung:
S35:Abfälle und Behälter müssen in gesicherter Weise beseitigt werden.
S45:Bei Unfall oder Unwohlsein sofort Arzt zuziehen (wenn möglich, dieses Etikett vorzeigen).
S61:Freisetzung in die Umwelt vermeiden. Besondere Anweisungen einholen/Sicherheitsdatenblatt zu Rate ziehen.
S36/37:Bei der Arbeit geeignete Schutzhandschuhe und Schutzkleidung tragen.
S26:Bei Berührung mit den Augen sofort gründlich mit Wasser abspülen und Arzt konsultieren.
Beschreibung
2,4,6-Trinitrotoluene (TNT) is a yellow, odourless, unstable solid. TNT does not occur
naturally in the environment. TNT is an explosive used in military shells, bombs, and
grenades; in industrial uses; and in underwater blasting. TNT is a high explosive that is
unaffected by ordinary shocks and therefore must be set off by a detonator. TNT is often
mixed with other explosives such as ammonium nitrate to form amatol. Because it is
insensitive to shock and must be exploded with a detonator, it is the most favoured explosive
used in munitions and construction. TNT reacts violently, is potentially explosively,
reacts with heavy metals, and is a chemical with risk of explosion if heated or struck.
Chemische Eigenschaften
TNT exists in five isomers; 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene
is the most commonly used. It is a colorless to pale yellow
odorless solid (pellets, cast blocks, and cast slabs) or
crushed flakes.
Physikalische Eigenschaften
Colorless to light yellow, odorless monoclinic crystals. Soluble in alcohol and ether; insoluble in water.
Verwenden
2,4,6-Trinitrotoluene (TNT) is used as a high explosive in mining and in military. It is produced by nitration of toluene with a mixture of nitric and sulfuric acids.
Definition
ChEBI: 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene is a trinitrotoluene having the nitro groups at positions 2, 4 and 6. It has a role as an explosive. It is functionally related to a 1,3,5-trinitrobenzene.
Allgemeine Beschreibung
A slurry of a yellow water-insoluble crystalline solid. Can burn, although difficult to ignite. When water has been driven off or evaporated the residue is easily ignited, burns vigorously, and is highly explosive . Produces toxic oxides of nitrogen during combustion. May explode under exposure to intense heat. Primary hazard is blast of an explosion, not flying projectiles or fragments.
Reaktivität anzeigen
TRINITROTOLUENE may begin a vigorous reaction that culminates in a detonation if mixed with reducing agents, including hydrides, sulfides and nitrides. May explode in the presence of a base such as sodium hydroxide or potassium hydroxide even in the presence of water or organic solvents.
Health Hazard
Some are toxic and may be fatal if inhaled, swallowed or absorbed through skin. Contact may cause burns to skin and eyes. Fire may produce irritating, corrosive and/or toxic gases. Runoff from fire control or dilution water may cause pollution.
Brandgefahr
TNT is a high explosive. In comparison to many other high explosives, it is insensitive to heat, shock, or friction. Small amounts may burn quietly without detonation. However, when heated rapidly or subjected to strong shock, it detonates. Its detonation temperature is 470°C (878°F) and its velocity is between 5.1 and 6.9 km/s. In combination with other explosives, TNT is widely used as a military and industrial explosive. Amatol, cyclonite, and tetrytol are some of the examples of such explosive combinations. Amatol is a composition of 80% ammonium nitrate and 20% TNT by mass. TNT itself has a very high brisance.
Products from the detonation of 1.5-2.0 kg of TNT in air- and oxygen-deficient atmospheres consisted of low-molecularweight gases and high-molecular-weight polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (Johnson et al. 1988). Greiner and associates (1988) examined the soots produced from the detonation of cast composites of TNT mixed with nitroguanidine or RDX in 1 atmosphere of argon. The soot contained 25 wt% diamond 4-7 nm in diameter, the IR spectrum and particle size of which resembled those from meteorites.
.
mögliche Exposition
TNT is used as an explosive, that is,
as a bursting charge in military explosive shells, bombs,
grenades, and mines; and an intermediate in dyestuffs and
photographic chemicals.
Carcinogenicity
In bacterial and mammalian in vitro cell
systems TNT is a direct-acting mutagen.
However, inclusion of exogenous metabolic
activation appears to abolish the genotoxicity.
In vivo assays of TNT have not shown it to be
genotoxic, suggesting that TNT may be
reduced to nonmutagenic metabolic products
in the whole animal.
Lager
TNT is stored in a permanent magazine, separated from combustible and oxidizable materials, initiators, and heat sources. It is shipped in amounts not exceeding 60 lb (27 kg) in weight in metal containers enclosed in wooden or fiberboard boxes.
Versand/Shipping
UN1356 Trinitrotoluene, wetted with not <30%
water, by mass, Hazard Class: 4.1; Labels: 4.1-Flammable
solid. UN0209 Trinitrotoluene or TNT, dry or wetted with
< 30% water, by mass, Hazard Class: 1D; Labels:1DExplosive
(with a mass explosion hazard); D-Substances or
articles which may mass detonate (with blast and/or fragment
hazard) when exposed to fire.
läuterung methode
Crystallise TNT from *benzene and EtOH. Then fuse (CARE) and allow to crystallise under vacuum. Gey, Dalbey and Van Dolah [J Am Chem Soc 78 1803 1956] dissolved TNT in acetone and added cold water (1:2:15), the precipitate was filtered off, washed free from solvent and stirred with five parts of aqueous 8% Na2SO3 at 50-60o for 10minutes. This was filtered, washed with cold water until the effluent was colourless, and air dried. The product was dissolved in five parts of hot CCl4, washed with warm water until the washings were colourless and TNT was recoverd by cooling and filtering. It was recrystallised from 95% EtOH and carefully dried over H2SO4. The dry solid should not be heated without taking precautions for a possible EXPLOSION. Work with small quantities. [Beilstein 5 H 347, 5 I 172, 5 II 268, 5 III 767, 5 IV 873.]
Inkompatibilitäten
Sensitive to shock and heat. Incompatible
with initiating explosives, combustible materials. Aromatic
nitro compounds, such as trinitrobenzene, range from slight to
strong oxidizing agents. Keep away from strong reducing
agents, including hydrides, alkali metals; aluminium and
other metal powder; phosphorus; sulfides and nitrides, alkaline
material, strong bases; contact may initiate vigorous reactions
that culminates in a detonation. The aromatic nitro
compounds may explode in the presence of a base such as
sodium hydroxide or potassium hydroxide even in the presence
of water or organic solvents. The aromatic nitro
compounds may explode in the presence of a base such as
sodium hydroxide or potassium hydroxide even in the presence
of water or organic solvents. Incompatible with
strong oxidizers (chlorates, nitrates, peroxides, permanganates,
perchlorates, chlorine, bromine, fluorine, etc.); contact
may cause fires or explosions.
Waste disposal
TNT is dissolved in acetone
and incinerated. The incinerator should be equipped with
an afterburner and a caustic soda solution scrubber.
2,4,6-Trinitrotoluene Upstream-Materialien And Downstream Produkte
Upstream-Materialien
Downstream Produkte
