ヒマシ油 化学特性,用途語,生産方法
外観
無色～黄色、澄明の液体
定義
本品は、トウゴマ Ricinus communis の種子から得られる脂肪油である。
溶解性
水に不溶, エタノール, アセトンに易溶。
解説
トウダイグサ科のトウゴマ（ヒマ）の種子から圧搾法で採油される不乾性油。ヨウ素価85程度。アセチル価大。主要成分脂肪酸はリシノール酸（リシノレイン酸）で、その含有量は80～90％。ヒドロキシ基を有するモノ不飽和脂肪酸である。そのほかオレイン酸7～10％、リノール酸3～4％、飽和脂肪酸2～3％を含む。ヒマシ油は，ほかの油脂に存在しないリシノール酸が主成分脂肪酸であるために、物理的、化学的性状が他の油脂のそれぞれと著しく相違し、特殊の用途を有している。
解説
ヒマRicinus communisの種子を圧搾すると得られる不乾性脂肪油．無色または黄色の透明の粘ちゅう液で，かすかに特異の臭気を有する．主成分はリシノレイン酸グリセリド(約80％)．脂肪油中で，比重(d 0.945～0.965)および粘度がもっとも大きく，凝固点はもっとも低い．エタノールに不溶，石油エーテルに難溶．緩下剤，ロート油，せっけん，ポマードなどの製造に用いられる．
森北出版「化学辞典（第2版）
医薬用
下剤。内服により、小腸内で胆汁の共存のもと、リパーゼの作用によって加水分解され、リシノール酸ナトリウムを生成し、これが腸管からの水および電解質の吸収を抑制し、また腸管の蠕動(ぜんどう)を促し、瀉下(しゃげ)作用を現す。1回10～20ミリリットルを内服する。服用しやすくするためにオレンジ油、はっか油を配合した加香ひまし油がある。内用のほか、外用に皮膚緩和剤として製剤原料とされる。日本薬局方には製剤として、加香ひまし油のほか、クロラール・サリチル酸精、トウガラシ・サリチル酸精、複方ヨード・トウガラシ精が収載されており、これらに配合されている。［幸保文治］
用途
リシノール酸に存在するヒドロキシ基の影響を受け、かなりの粘性を有する。金属に対する親和性があり、かつかなり安定であるために潤滑油として用いる。以前は自動車用ブレーキ油（ひまし油を基油とし、グリコールエーテル系溶剤を配合したもの）に使用されたが、今日ではポリエーテル合成油その他に移行した。ひまし油はエタノール（エチルアルコール）に溶解するから、アルコール性頭髪油として用いられる。またポマードにも使用される。
透明せっけん、二塩基酸製造に用いられる。ひまし油のヒドロキシ基を硫酸エステルとし、これを水酸化ナトリウムで中和したものをロート油（硫酸化油）という。染色助剤、乳化剤に使用される。水不溶性のひまし油をロート油にすれば、コロイド電解質に変じ、水溶性になる。またヒドロキシ基とこれに隣接するメチレン基とから脱水を行い、脱水ひまし油を製造する。これは共役ジエンを含み、乾性油であるから、塗料用に使われる。油かすは、ヒマ種子中に存在するリチンという有毒なアルカロイドやリパーゼを含有するために、飼料として使用されず、肥料として用いられる。リパーゼは油脂を加水分解するが、まだ一部以外工業的には一般に用いられていない。［福住一雄］
化粧品の成分用途
閉塞剤、香料
使用上の注意
アルゴン封入
化学的特性
Dehydrated castor oil is a castor oil from which approximately 5% of the chemically combined water has been removed. Therefore it has drying properties similar to those of Tung oil. Dehydration is carried out by heating the oil in the presence of catalysts such as sulphuric acid, phosphoric acid, clays and metal oxides. Dehydrated castor oil is a yellow oily liquid with characteristic odour.
Standard specifications
commercial grade pale grade special grade
refractive index (20°C) 1,482 - 1,483 1,482 - 1,483 1,482 - 1,483
specific gravity (15°C) 0,982 - 0,933 0,982 - 0,933 0,982 - 0,933
viscosity (25°C) Poise 1,6 - 2,8 1,6 - 2,8 1,6 - 2,8
viscosity Gardner scale G – I G – I G – I
colour max. 8 max. 6 max. 5
acid value mg KOH/g max.6 max. 4
iodine value (Wijs) g I2/100g min. 130 min. 130 min. 130
hydroxyl value mg KOH/g max. 25 max. 20
物理的性質
The oil is a pale-yellowish or almost colorless, transparent viscid liquid. It is soluble in alcohol,
and is miscible with absolute alcohol, glacial acetic acid, chloroform and ether.
天然物の起源
Castor is a perennial found in India and Africa.
使用
castor oil is a highly emollient carrier oil that penetrates the skin easily, leaving it soft and supple. It also serves to bind the different ingredients of a cosmetic formulation together. Castor oil is high in glycerin esters of ricinoleic acid (an unsaturated fatty acid). It is rarely, if ever, associated with irritation of the skin or allergic reactions. It is obtained through cold-pressing from seeds or beans of the Ricinus communis (castor oil) plant. Impure castor oil may cause irritation, as the seeds contain a toxic substance that is eliminated during processing. Its unpleasant odor makes it difficult to use in cosmetics.
調製方法
Castor oil is the fixed oil obtained by cold-expression of the seeds of
Ricinus communis Linne (Fam. Euphorbiaceae). No other substances
are added to the oil.
適応症
Castor oil is a bland oil that is hydrolyzed in the gut
to yield ricinoleic acid, the active purging agent. This
hydrolysis requires bile, a fact that is sometimes overlooked
when castor oil is given as a laxative before radiography
in biliary obstruction.The ricinoleic acid acts
on the ileum and colon to induce an increased fluid secretion
and colonic contraction.
定義
castor oil: A pale-coloured oil extractedfrom the castor-oil plant. Itcontains a mixture of glyceridesof fatty acids, the predominantacid being ricinoleic acid,C
17H
32(OH)COOH. It is used as adrying oil in paints and varnishesand medically as a laxative.
精油の成分
The oil is a mixture of triglycerides of which 75 to 90% is ricinoleic acid.* This mixture is hydrolyzed
to release ricinoleic acid, which exerts a cathartic effect. The cake remaining after the extraction of the oil is the castor pomace. The
phytotoxins ricin and ricinine are found in the seed cake and oil. Ricin is a glycoproptein containing neutral A chain and acidic B
chain connected by disulfur bonds.
一般的な説明
Pale-yellow or almost colorless transparent viscous liquid with a faint mild odor and nauseating taste. Density 0.95 g / cm3. A mixture of glycerides, chiefly ricinolein (the glyceride of ricinoleic acid) .
空気と水の反応
Insoluble in water.
反応プロフィール
Castor oil can develop heat spontaneously in the air. [Hawley]. Reacts with acids to liberate heat along with alcohols and acids. Heat is also generated by interaction with caustic solutions. Strong oxidizing acids may cause a vigorous reaction that is sufficiently exothermic to ignite the reaction products. Flammable hydrogen is generated by mixing with alkali metals and hydrides.
危険性
Undergoes spontaneous heating.
健康ハザード
If ingested causes severe diarrhea.
火災危険
Castor oil is combustible.
応用例（製薬）
Castor oil is widely used in cosmetics, food products, and
pharmaceutical formulations. In pharmaceutical formulations,
castor oil is most commonly used in topical creams and ointments
at concentrations of 5–12.5%. However, it is also used in oral tablet
and capsule formulations, ophthalmic emulsions, and as a solvent in
intramuscular injections.
Therapeutically, castor oil has been administered orally for its
laxative action, but such use is now obsolete.
臨床応用
Castor oil is a bland oil that is hydrolyzed in the gut
to yield ricinoleic acid, the active purging agent. This
hydrolysis requires bile, a fact that is sometimes overlooked
when castor oil is given as a laxative before radiography
in biliary obstruction.
安全性プロファイル
An allergen. A human
skin and eye irritant. Combustible when
exposed to heat. Spontaneous heating may
occur. To fight fire, use CO2, dry chemical,
fog, mist. See also CASTOR BEAN.
安全性
Castor oil is used in cosmetics and foods and orally, parenterally,
and topically in pharmaceutical formulations. It is generally
regarded as a relatively nontoxic and nonirritant material when
used as an excipient.
Castor oil has been used therapeutically as a laxative and oral
administration of large quantities may cause nausea, vomiting,
colic, and severe purgation. It should not be given when intestinal
obstruction is present.
Although widely used in topical preparations, including
ophthalmic formulations, castor oil has been associated with
some reports of allergic contact dermatitis, mainly to cosmetics
such as lipsticks.
貯蔵
Castor oil is stable and does not turn rancid unless subjected to
excessive heat. On heating at 3008℃ for several hours, castor oil
polymerizes and becomes soluble in mineral oil. When cooled to
08℃, it becomes more viscous.
Castor oil should be stored at a temperature not exceeding 258℃
in well-filled airtight containers protected from light.
不和合性
Castor oil is incompatible with strong oxidizing agents.
規制状況(Regulatory Status)
GRAS listed. Included in the FDA Inactive Ingredients Database
(IM injections; ophthalmic emulsions; oral capsules and tablets;
topical creams, emulsions, ointments, and solutions). Included in
nonparenteral medicines licensed in the UK. Included in the
Canadian List of Acceptable Non-medicinal Ingredients.
ヒマシ油 上流と下流の製品情報
原材料
準備製品